Previous enteric adenovirus infection does not protect against subsequent symptomatic infection: longitudinal follow-up of eight infants.

Eight infants followed longitudinally were found to have enteric adenovirus (EAdv) infections: in 5 infants with diarrhea and in 3 with no accompanying diarrhea. Sequential stool samples prior to EAdv infections were tested for adenovirus antigen, anti-adenoviral IgA and neutralizing antibodies to serotypes 40, 41 and 2 in order to ascertain whether protection from symptoms was due to prior infection. No difference was found in the number of adenoviral infections among infants prior to their EAdv infections with or without accompanying diarrhea. However, in 3 of the 5 infants in whom EAdv infection was accompanied by diarrhea and 2 of 3 control infants, previous EAdv infections had occurred as detected by serotype-specific antibody rises.

Enteric adenovirus infection among infants with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh.

A total of 4,409 stool specimens from infants less than 5 years of age seeking treatment for diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh, were tested for the presence of adenoviruses by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). EIA-positive stool samples were serotyped with monoclonal antibodies specific for adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) and Ad41 and group antigen, inoculated into Graham G293 cells, and retested by EIA. Of adenovirus-positive cultures, 125 (2.8%) specimens were confirmed as enteric adenoviruses (EAds), of which 51 (40.8%) were typed as Ad40 and 74 (59.2%) were typed as Ad41, and 12 of 4,409 (0.3%) were identified as nonenteric adenoviruses. A slight peak of incidence of EAd infection was observed in the cool, dry months, and an outbreak of Ad40 infections occurred in March 1988, when the detection rate of EAd reached 12.3%. Information on age, gender, and symptoms was available for 80 infants infected with adenovirus only. Age distribution was similar for types 40 and 41 and nonenteric adenovirus; the median ages were 11, 12, and 12 months, respectively. The ratio of males to females for the 80 infants varied according to serotype; Ad40 had the highest male/female ratio, 2.17. The symptoms experienced by the 80 children were similar for each adenovirus type. The most common clinical features of EAd infection were watery diarrhea (87.5%), more than eight loose bowel movements per day in the 24-h period prior to presentation (68.8%), with vomiting (80.0%), abdominal pain (76.3%), and low-grade fever (95.0%); these symptoms are significantly similar to symptoms of infants infected with group A rotavirus. EAd infection generally gave rise to mild to moderate dehydration, which is significantly similar to dehydration produced by infection with rotavirus.

Seroprevalence of enteric and nonenteric adenoviruses in Bangladesh.

Single serum samples obtained from infants between 0 and 24 months of age admitted to a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh were tested for the presence of adenovirus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies by using enzyme immunoassay and neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus types 2, 40, and 41. IgG antibodies were more prevalent than IgA antibodies, and neutralizing activity to enteric adenovirus was found in serum samples from 50% of infants who had reached 2 years of age.

Identification of an immunoreactive non-proteinaleous component in Borrelia burgdorferi.

Investigations of immunoblots using Borrelia burgdorferi antigen demonstrated that a band, migrating faster than the bromophenol blue front in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, reacted strongly with sera containing anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies preferentially of the IgG class. Extraction of this antigenic component and chemical analyses showed that the substance was composed mainly of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Typical structures of classical lipooolysaccharides such as 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, hydroxy fatty acids or lipid A could not be detected.