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1.
Parasit Vectors ; 12(1): 225, 2019 May 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31088523

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 is constituted by terrestrial and aquatic phylogenetic lineages both harboring understudied trypanosomes from reptiles including an increasing diversity of crocodilian trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus Teixeira & Camargo, 2016 of the aquatic lineage is transmitted by leeches to caimans. Trypanosoma grayi Novy, 1906 of the terrestrial lineage is transmitted by tsetse flies to crocodiles in Africa, but the vectors of Neotropical caiman trypanosomes nested in this lineage remain unknown. RESULTS: Our phylogenetic analyses uncovered crocodilian trypanosomes in tabanids from South America and Africa, and trypanosomes other than T. grayi in tsetse flies. All trypanosomes found in tabanids clustered in the crocodilian clade (terrestrial lineage) forming six clades: Grayi (African trypanosomes from crocodiles and tsetse flies); Ralphi (trypanosomes from caimans, African and Brazilian tabanids and tsetse flies); Terena (caimans); Cay03 (caimans and Brazilian tabanids); and two new clades, Tab01 (Brazilian tabanid and tsetse flies) and Kaiowa. The clade Kaiowa comprises Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. and trypanosomes from African and Brazilian tabanids, caimans, tsetse flies and the African dwarf crocodile. Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. heavily colonises tabanid guts and differs remarkably in morphology from other caiman trypanosomes. This species multiplied predominantly as promastigotes on log-phase cultures showing scarce epimastigotes and exhibited very long flagellates in old cultures. Analyses of growth behavior revealed that insect cells allow the intracellular development of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to this description of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp., no crocodilian trypanosome parasitic in tabanid flies had been cultured, morphologically examined by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, and phylogenetically compared with other crocodilian trypanosomes. Additionally, trypanosomes thought to be restricted to caimans were identified in Brazilian and African tabanids, tsetse flies and the dwarf crocodile. Similar repertoires of trypanosomes found in South American caimans, African crocodiles and tabanids from both continents support the recent diversification of these transcontinental trypanosomes. Our findings are consistent with trypanosome host-switching likely mediated by tabanid flies between caimans and transoceanic migrant crocodiles co-inhabiting South American wetlands at the Miocene.


Subject(s)
Alligators and Crocodiles/parasitology , Diptera/parasitology , Trypanosoma/genetics , Trypanosoma/isolation & purification , Africa , Animals , Brazil , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Female , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Tsetse Flies/parasitology
2.
São Paulo; s.n; 1999. 114 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-272304

ABSTRACT

Esta tese é baseada em cinco trabalhos publicados e um submetido à publicaçao, que tratam de aspectos morfógicos ligados à biologia de três espécies de Amphisbaenia (Squamata), Amphisbaena alba, Leposternon microcephalum e Leposternon infraorbitale. A maior ênfase foi dada à histologia, à ultra-estrutura e à histoquímica das glândulas pré-cloacais e de sua secreçao em Amphisbaena alba. Essas glândulas secretam uma substância que parece ser um feromônio, provavelmente utilizado na reproduçao e/ou na marcaçao territorial desses animais. A secreçao sólida, constituída principalmente de polissacarídeos e proteínas, obstrui os poros glandulares na forma de um "plug" e, à medida que o animal se locomove, é espalhada no ambiente subterrâneo formando uma trilha, cujo aspecto microscópico foi aqui descrito através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Um dos trabalhos relata, ainda, o nascimento em cativeiro de uma ninhada de Leposternon infraorbitale. Trata-se da primeira descriçao na literatura de nascimento de uma anfisbênia. Por fim, foi realizado um trabalho sobre a histologia e a morfometria da pele de Amphisbaena alba, analisando os dados obtidos em funçao do "display" de defesa apresentado por esta espécie, e comparando-os com aqueles encontrados em Leposternon microcephalum, anfisbenídeo que nao apresenta esse comportamento defensivo. Devido ao fato de as anfisbênias serem animais bastante inacessíveis, já que possuem hábito fossório, trabalhos desse tipo podem contribuir sobremaneira para o conhecimento da biologia e da sistemática desse grupo dos Squamata


Subject(s)
Elapidae , Reproduction , Scent Glands
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