Patient Characteristics Associated with Receiving Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in the Veterans Health Administration.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine patient characteristics associated with receipt of gender-affirming hormone therapy in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Methods: This cross-sectional study included a national cohort of 9555 transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients with TGD-related diagnosis codes who received care in the VHA from 2006 to 2018. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of health conditions and documented social stressors with receipt of gender affirming hormone therapy. Results: Of the 9555 TGD patients, 57.4% received gender-affirming hormone therapy in the VHA. In fully adjusted models, patients who had following characteristics were less likely to obtain gender-affirming hormones in the VHA: Black, non-Hispanic versus white (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-0.72), living in the Northeast versus the West (aOR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.62-0.84), a documented drug use disorder (aOR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47-0.68), ≥3 versus no comorbidities (aOR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.34-0.57), and ≥3 versus no social stressors (aOR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.30-0.58; all p<0.001). Younger patients aged 21-29 years were almost 3 times more likely to receive gender affirming hormone therapy in the VHA than those aged ≥60 (aOR: 2.98; 95% CI: 2.55-3.47; p<0.001). Conclusion: TGD individuals who were older, Black, non-Hispanic, and had more comorbidities and documented social stressors were less likely to receive gender-affirming hormone therapy in the VHA. Further understanding of patient preferences in addition to clinician- and site-level determinants that may impact access to gender-affirming hormone therapy for TGD individuals in the VHA is needed.

Clinicians in the Veterans Health Administration initiate gender-affirming hormone therapy in concordance with clinical guideline recommendations.

Background: Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is a common medical intervention sought by transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Initiating GAHT in accordance with clinical guideline recommendations ensures delivery of high-quality care. However, no prior studies have examined how current GAHT initiation compares to recommended GAHT initiation. Objective: This study assessed guideline concordance around feminizing and masculinizing GAHT initiation in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Methods: The sample included 4,676 veterans with a gender identity disorder diagnosis who initiated feminizing (n=3,547) and masculinizing (n=1,129) GAHT between 2007 and 2018 in VHA. Demographics and health conditions on veterans receiving feminizing and masculinizing GAHT were assessed. Proportion of guideline concordant veterans on six VHA guidelines on feminizing and masculinizing GAHT initiation were determined. Results: Compared to veterans receiving masculinizing GAHT, a higher proportion of veterans receiving feminizing GAHT were older (≥60 years: 23.7% vs. 6.3%), White non-Hispanic (83.5% vs. 57.6%), and had a higher number of comorbidities (≥7: 14.0% vs. 10.6%). A higher proportion of veterans receiving masculinizing GAHT were Black non-Hispanic (21.5% vs. 3.5%), had posttraumatic stress disorder (43.0% vs. 33.9%) and positive military sexual trauma (33.5% vs.16.8%; all p-values<0.001) than veterans receiving feminizing GAHT. Among veterans who started feminizing GAHT with estrogen, 97.0% were guideline concordant due to no documentation of contraindication, including venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Among veterans who started spironolactone as part of feminizing GAHT, 98.1% were guideline concordant as they had no documentation of contraindication, including hyperkalemia or acute renal failure. Among veterans starting masculinizing GAHT, 90.1% were guideline concordant due to no documentation of contraindications, such as breast or prostate cancer. Hematocrit had been measured in 91.8% of veterans before initiating masculinizing GAHT, with 96.5% not having an elevated hematocrit (>50%) prior to starting masculinizing GAHT. Among veterans initiating feminizing and masculinizing GAHT, 91.2% had documentation of a gender identity disorder diagnosis prior to GAHT initiation. Conclusion: We observed high concordance between current GAHT initiation practices in VHA and guidelines, particularly for feminizing GAHT. Findings suggest that VHA clinicians are initiating feminizing GAHT in concordance with clinical guidelines. Future work should assess guideline concordance on monitoring and management of GAHT in VHA.

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Identified in Veterans in the United States.

Background: Diagnostic codes can be instrumental for case identification in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research; however, this method has known limitations and cannot distinguish between disease stages. Clinical notes may offer more detailed information including AD severity and can complement diagnostic codes for case identification. Objective: To estimate prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD using diagnostics codes and clinical notes available in the electronic healthcare record (EHR). Methods: This was a retrospective study in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS). Health records from Veterans aged 65 years or older were reviewed during Fiscal Years (FY) 2010-2019. Overall, 274,736 and 469,569 Veterans were identified based on a rule-based algorithm as having at least one clinical note for MCI and AD, respectively; 201,211 and 149,779 Veterans had a diagnostic code for MCI and AD, respectively. During FY 2011-2018, likely MCI or AD diagnosis was defined by≥2 qualifiers (i.e., notes and/or codes)≥30 days apart. Veterans with only 1 qualifier were considered as suspected MCI/AD. Results: Over the 8-year study, 147,106 and 207,225 Veterans had likely MCI and AD, respectively. From 2011 to 2018, yearly MCI prevalence increased from 0.9% to 2.2%; yearly AD prevalence slightly decreased from 2.4% to 2.1%; mild AD changed from 22.9% to 26.8%, moderate AD changed from 26.5% to 29.1%, and severe AD changed from 24.6% to 30.7. Conclusions: The relative distribution of AD severities was stable over time. Accurate prevalence estimation is critical for healthcare resource allocation and facilitating patients receiving innovative medicines.

Understanding pathways from implementation to sustainment: a longitudinal, mixed methods analysis of promising practices implemented in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the United States largest learning health system. The Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) program is a large-scale model of diffusion that identifies and diffuses evidence-informed practices across VHA. During the period of 2016-2021, 57 evidence-informed practices were implemented across 82 VHA facilities. This setting provides a unique opportunity to understand sustainment determinants and pathways. Our objective was to characterize the longitudinal pathways of practices as they transition from initial implementation to long-term sustainment at each facility. METHODS: A longitudinal, mixed-methods evaluation of 82 VHA facilities. Eighty-two facility representatives, chosen by leadership as points-of-contact for 57 DoE practices, were eligible for post-implementation interviews and annual sustainment surveys. Primary outcomes (implementation, sustainment), and secondary outcomes (institutionalization, effectiveness, anticipated sustainment) at four time-points were collected. We performed descriptive statistics and directed content analysis using Hailemariam et al.'s factors influencing sustainment. RESULTS: After approximately five years post-implementation (e.g., 2021 sustainment outcomes), of the 82 facilities, about one-third fully sustained their practice compared to one-third that did not fully sustain their practice because it was in a "liminal" stage (neither sustained nor discontinued) or permanently discontinued. The remaining one-third of facilities had missing 2021 sustainment outcomes. A higher percentage of facilities (70%) had inconsistent primary outcomes (changing over time) compared to facilities (30%) with consistent primary outcomes (same over time). Thirty-four percent of facilities with sustained practices reported resilience since they overcame implementation and sustainment barriers. Facilities with sustained practices reported more positive secondary outcomes compared to those that did not sustain their practice. Key factors facilitating practice sustainment included: demonstrating practice effectiveness/benefit, sufficient organizational leadership, sufficient workforce, and adaptation/alignment with local context. Key factors hindering practice sustainment included: insufficient workforce, not able to maintain practice fidelity/integrity, critical incidents related to the COVID-19 pandemic, organizational leadership did not support sustainment of practice, and no ongoing support. CONCLUSIONS: We identified diverse pathways from implementation to sustainment, and our data underscore that initial implementation outcomes may not determine long-term sustainment outcomes. This longitudinal evaluation contributes to understanding impacts of the DoE program, including return on investment, achieving learning health system goals, and insights into achieving high-quality healthcare in VHA.

Non-affirmation minority stress, internalized transphobia, and subjective cognitive decline among transgender and gender diverse veterans aged 45 years and older.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations of two measures of minority stress, non-affirmation minority stress and internalized transphobia, with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) veterans. METHOD: We administered a cross-sectional survey from September 2022 to July 2023 to TGD veterans. The final analytic sample included 3,152 TGD veterans aged ≥45 years. We used a generalized linear model with quasi-Poisson distribution to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) measuring the relationship between non-affirmation minority stress and internalized transphobia and past-year SCD. RESULTS: The mean age was 61.3 years (SD = 9.7) and the majority (70%) identified as trans women or women. Overall, 27.2% (n = 857) reported SCD. Adjusted models revealed that TGD veterans who reported experiencing non-affirmation minority stress or internalized transphobia had greater risk of past-year SCD compared to those who did not report either stressor (aPR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15; aPR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12-1.27). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that proximal and distal processes of stigma are associated with SCD among TGD veterans and underscore the need for addressing multiple types of discrimination. Above all, these results indicate the lasting sequelae of transphobia and need for systemic changes to prioritize the safety and welfare of TGD people.

Complexity of patients with mental healthcare needs cared for by mental health clinical pharmacist practitioners in Veterans Affairs.

PURPOSE: The complexity of patients with mental healthcare needs cared for by clinical pharmacists is not well delineated. We evaluated the complexity of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD) in Veterans Affairs (VA) cared for by mental health clinical pharmacist practitioners (MH CPPs). METHODS: Patients at 42 VA sites with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or MDD in 2016 through 2019 were classified by MH CPP visits into those with 2 or more visits ("ongoing MH CPP care"), those with 1 visit ("consultative MH CPP care"), and those with no visits ("no MH CPP care"). Patient complexity for each condition was defined by medication regimen and service utilization. RESULTS: For schizophrenia, more patients in ongoing MH CPP care were complex than those with no MH CPP care, based on all measures examined: the number of primary medications (15.3% vs 8.1%), inpatient (13.7% vs 9.1%) and outpatient (42.6% vs 29.7%) utilization, and receipt of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (36.7% vs 25.8%) and clozapine (20.5% vs 9.5%). For bipolar disorder, more patients receiving ongoing or consultative MH CPP care were complex than those with no MH CPP care based on the number of primary medications (27.9% vs 30.5% vs 17.7%) and overlapping mood stabilizers (10.1% vs 11.6% vs 6.2%). For MDD, more patients receiving ongoing or consultative MH CPP care were complex based on the number of primary medications (36.8% vs 35.5% vs 29.2%) and augmentation of antidepressants (56.1% vs 54.4% vs 47.0%) than patients without MH CPP care. All comparisons were significant (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MH CPPs provide care for complex patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and MDD in VA.

Barriers and Facilitators to Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) established a policy for the delivery of transition-related services, including gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients. In the decade since this policy's implementation, limited research has investigated barriers and facilitators of VHA's provision of this evidence-based therapy that can improve life satisfaction among TGD patients. PURPOSE: This study provides a qualitative summary of barriers and facilitators to GAHT at the individual (e.g., knowledge, coping mechanisms), interpersonal (e.g., interactions with other individuals or groups), and structural (e.g., gender norms, policies) levels. METHODS: Transgender and gender diverse patients (n = 30) and VHA healthcare providers (n = 22) completed semi-structured, in-depth interviews in 2019 regarding barriers and facilitators to GAHT access and recommendations for overcoming perceived barriers. Two analysts used content analysis to code and analyze transcribed interview data and employed the Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities Research Framework to organize themes into multiple levels. RESULTS: Facilitators included having GAHT offered through primary care or TGD specialty clinics and knowledgeable providers, with patients adding supportive social networks and self-advocacy. Several barriers were identified, including a lack of providers trained or willing to prescribe GAHT, patient dissatisfaction with prescribing practices, and anticipated or enacted stigma. To overcome barriers, participants recommended increasing provider capacity, providing opportunities for continual education, and enhancing communication around VHA policy and training. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-level system improvements within and outside the VHA are needed to ensure equitable and efficient access to GAHT.

Veterans Health Administration (VHA) policy mandates the provision of several gender-affirming health services, including gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). GAHT can improve quality of life among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients by more closely aligning their physical self with their internal sense of self. We conducted interviews with 30 TGD patients and 22 VHA healthcare providers to gather their perspectives on barriers and facilitators to GAHT in the VHA. Findings revealed that facilitators of GAHT access included information sharing through social networks and relying on providers in primary care or specialized TGD health clinics for prescribing, while barriers included a shortage of trained providers and patient dissatisfaction with prescribing practices. Anticipating or experiencing stigma from providers and other patients was also identified as a barrier to GAHT. To overcome barriers, participants recommended increasing provider capacity, offering continuous education on GAHT prescribing, and improving communication about VHA policies and training. Comprehensive improvements at various levels, both within and outside the VHA, are necessary to improve access to this important evidence-based treatment for TGD patients.

Gaps in evidence on treatment of male osteoporosis: a Research Agenda.

OBJECTIVE: To identify key research gaps regarding medication therapy to prevent osteoporotic fractures in men. DATA SOURCES: Articles from the peer-reviewed literature containing empirical studies of the use of medication therapy for fracture prevention in men, either in clinical trials or observational studies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: We searched PubMed with search terms including "osteoporosis AND medication therapy management". We read all articles to ensure that they were indeed empirical studies of our topic. For each included study, we searched for all articles in the bibliography, all articles that cited the article, and all related articles, using these functions in PubMed. DATA SYNTHESIS: We have identified six research gaps that could inform the more rational, evidence-based treatment of male osteoporosis. Specifically, among men, we lack key information about: (1) whether treatment can prevent clinical fractures, (2) rates of side effects and complications of therapy, (3) the role of testosterone in treatment, (4) the comparative effectiveness of different therapeutic regimens, (5) role of drug holidays for those receiving bisphosphonates and sequential therapies, and (6) effectiveness of therapy for secondary prevention. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: Addressing these six topics should be key goal for the next decade of research on male osteoporosis.

Development and Validation of Quality Measures for Testosterone Prescribing.

Context: Accurate measures to assess appropriateness of testosterone prescribing are needed to improve prescribing practices. Objective: This work aimed to develop and validate quality measures around the initiation and monitoring of testosterone prescribing. Methods: This retrospective cohort study comprised a national cohort of male patients receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration who initiated testosterone during January or February 2020. Using laboratory data and diagnostic codes, we developed 9 initiation and 7 monitoring measures. These were based on the current Endocrine Society guidelines supplemented by expert opinion and prior work. We chose measures that could be operationalized using national VA electronic health record (EHR) data. We assessed criterion validity for these 16 measures by manual review of 142 charts. Main outcome measures included positive and negative predictive values (PPVs, NPVs), overall accuracy (OA), and Matthews Correlation Coefficients (MCCs). Results: We found high PPVs (>78%), NPVs (>98%), OA (≥94%), and MCCs (>0.85) for the 10 measures based on laboratory data (5 initiation and 5 monitoring). For the 6 measures relying on diagnostic codes, we similarly found high NPVs (100%) and OAs (≥98%). However, PPVs for measures of acute conditions occurring before testosterone initiation (ie, acute myocardial infarction or stroke) or new conditions occurring after initiation (ie, prostate or breast cancer) PPVs were much lower (0% to 50%) due to few or no cases. Conclusion: We developed several valid EHR-based quality measures for assessing testosterone-prescribing practices. Deployment of these measures in health care systems can facilitate identification of quality gaps in testosterone-prescribing and improve care of men with hypogonadism.

The epidemiology of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in U.S. veterans.

INTRODUCTION: US veterans have a unique dementia risk profile that may be evolving over time. METHODS: Age-standardized incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD and related dementias (ADRD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was estimated from electronic health records (EHR) data for all veterans aged 50 years and older receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care from 2000 to 2019. RESULTS: The annual prevalence and incidence of AD declined, as did ADRD incidence. ADRD prevalence increased from 1.07% in 2000 to 1.50% in 2019, primarily due to an increase in the prevalence of dementia not otherwise specified. The prevalence and incidence of MCI increased sharply, especially after 2010. The prevalence and incidence of AD, ADRD, and MCI were highest in the oldest veterans, in female veterans, and in African American and Hispanic veterans. DISCUSSION: We observed 20-year trends of declining prevalence and incidence of AD, increasing prevalence of ADRD, and sharply increasing prevalence and incidence of MCI.

Trends in Feminizing Hormone Therapy for Transgender Patients, 2006-2017.

Combination therapy with estrogen and spironolactone may help some transgender women achieve desired results. We used two databases, OptumLabs® Data Warehouse (OLDW) and Veterans Health Administration (VHA), to examine trends in feminizing therapy. We included 3368 transgender patients from OLDW and 3527 from VHA, all of whom received estrogen, spironolactone, or both between 2006 and 2017. In OLDW, the proportion receiving combination therapy increased from 47% to 75% during this period. Similarly, in VHA, the proportion increased from 39% to 69% during this period. We conclude that the use of combination hormone therapy has become much more common over the past decade.

Validation of an administrative algorithm for transgender and gender diverse persons against self-report data in electronic health records.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt and validate an algorithm to ascertain transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients within electronic health record (EHR) data. METHODS: Using a previously unvalidated algorithm of identifying TGD persons within administrative claims data in a multistep, hierarchical process, we validated this algorithm in an EHR data set with self-reported gender identity. RESULTS: Within an EHR data set of 52 746 adults with self-reported gender identity (gold standard) a previously unvalidated algorithm to identify TGD persons via TGD-related diagnosis and procedure codes, and gender-affirming hormone therapy prescription data had a sensitivity of 87.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 86.4-88.2), specificity of 98.7% (95% CI 98.6-98.8), positive predictive value (PPV) of 88.7% (95% CI 87.9-89.4), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.5% (95% CI 98.4-98.6). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.930 (95% CI 0.925-0.935). Steps to further categorize patients as presumably TGD men versus women based on prescription data performed well: sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 92.7%, PPV of 93.2%, and NPV of 97.4%. The AUC was 0.95 (95% CI 0.94-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of self-reported gender identity data, an algorithm to identify TGD patients in administrative data using TGD-related diagnosis and procedure codes, and gender-affirming hormone prescriptions performs well.

Characterizing patient attitudes and beliefs towards testosterone therapy in Veterans Affairs: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: We examined patient attitudes and beliefs and provider perspectives on patients' attitudes and beliefs towards testosterone therapy in Veterans Affairs (VA). METHODS: We used a thematic analysis approach to understand variation in patient attitudes and beliefs towards testosterone at six VA sites with high and low levels of testosterone prescribing in VA. Semi-structured phone interviews with 18 patients and 22 providers at these sites were transcribed and coded using a priori theoretical constructs and emergent themes. A cross-case matrix of coded data was used to evaluate themes related to patient-level factors. RESULTS: Patients' beliefs toward testosterone did not differ across sites. Patients, not providers, generally initiated conversations about testosterone. We identified five key domains related to patient beliefs and provider perceived patient beliefs towards testosterone: reasons for initiating testosterone, patient information sources and expectations about testosterone, receptivity towards discontinuation of testosterone, patient/provider engagement in information sharing, and self-advocacy by the patients in decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Patient factors play an important role in testosterone prescribing decisions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: By considering these patient factors, providers can potentially help create a partnership with patients and foster shared decision-making for testosterone and other, similar medications.

Social Stressors and Health Among Older Transgender and Gender Diverse Veterans.

Purpose: Health disparities in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) veterans compared with cisgender veterans have been documented. However, there is a paucity of literature focused on older TGD veterans. We assessed health conditions and social stressors in older TGD veterans compared with matched cisgender veterans. Methods: Using gender identity disorder diagnosis codes, we identified 1244 TGD veterans (65+ years of age) receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from 2006 to 2018. These TGD veterans were then matched to 3732 cisgender veterans based on age, VHA site, and date of care in VHA. Results: In adjusted models, TGD veterans compared with cisgender veterans were less likely to have alcohol use disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR; 95% confidence interval]: [0.70; 0.58-0.85]), drug use disorder (0.59; 0.47-0.74), tobacco use (0.75; 0.65-0.86), and anxiety (0.74; 0.62-0.90). However, compared with cisgender veterans, TGD veterans were more likely to experience depression (1.63; 1.39-1.93), Alzheimer's disease (8.95; 4.25-18.83), cancer (1.83; 1.56-2.14), violence (1.82; 1.14-2.91), social/familial problems (2.45; 1.99-3.02), lack of access to care/transportation (2.23; 1.48-3.37), and military sexual trauma (2.59; 1.93-3.46). Furthermore, compared with cisgender veterans, TGD veterans were more likely to have documentation of a higher count of social stressors: 1 or more stressors (1.64; 1.38-1.95) and 2 or more stressors (1.22; 1.01-1.49). Conclusion: Despite significant disparities in social stressors and health conditions compared with cisgender veterans, TGD veterans had a lower likelihood of substance use and anxiety. Interventions are needed to mitigate social stressors and improve health among the older TGD veteran population.

Antecedents to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients and employees in the Veterans Health Administration.

The present study sought to understand the antecedents to COVID-19 vaccination among those reporting a change in vaccine intention in order to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the United States. We employed semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion with vaccinated and unvaccinated Veterans Health Administration (VHA) employees and Veterans at three Veterans' Affairs medical centers between January and June 2021. A subset of these participants (n=21) self-reported a change in COVID-19 vaccine intention and were selected for additional analysis. We combined thematic analysis using the 5C scale (confidence, collective responsibility, complacency, calculation, constraints) as our theoretical framework with a constant comparative method from codes based on the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. We generated 13 themes distributed across the 5C constructs that appeared to be associated with a change in COVID-19 vaccine intention. Themes included a trusted family member, friend or colleague in a healthcare field, a trusted healthcare professional, distrust of government or politics (confidence); duty to family and protection of others (collective responsibility); perceived health status and normative beliefs (complacency); perceived vaccine safety, perceived risk-benefit, and orientation towards deliberation (calculation); and ease of process (constraints). Key factors in promoting vaccine uptake included a desire to protect family; and conversations with as key factors in promoting vaccine uptake. Constructs from the 5C scale are useful in understanding intrapersonal changes in vaccine intentions over time, which may help public health practitioners improve future vaccine uptake.

In this study of the Veteran and VA employee population, we aimed to understand what factors led to a decision to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. As part of a quality improvement project, we interviewed individuals at three Veterans' Affairs sites in the first six months of 2021. We then used a smaller sample of 21 participants who reported a change in their intentions to receive a COVID-19 vaccine to analyze for this study. This analysis utilizes constructs from the 5C scale, which was developed to understand the conditions required for an individual to decide to receive a vaccine (confidence, collective responsibility, complacency, calculation, constraints). The coding process revealed a number of recurring themes across the interviews falling under each of the five constructs, but concepts relating to vaccine confidence (i.e., level of trust in those developing and disseminating the vaccine) were most common, and constraints (i.e., psychological and structural barriers that stand in the way of vaccination) appeared least frequently in our interviews. We found that significant motivators to receive the vaccine included a desire to protect family and conversations with trusted clinicians, particularly mental healthcare providers. Our study was unique in using the 5Cs to understand changes in vaccine changes over time. Findings show that change in vaccine attitudes is possible even in the presence of concerns and shed light on approaches that public health providers could use to improve vaccine and booster rates.

Diffusion of excellence: evaluating a system to identify, replicate, and spread promising innovative practices across the Veterans health administration.

Introduction: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) program provides a system to identify, replicate, and spread promising practices across the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. DoE identifies innovations that have been successfully implemented in the VHA through a Shark Tank style competition. VHA facility and regional directors bid resources needed to replicate promising practices. Winning facilities/regions receive external facilitation to aid in replication/implementation over the course of a year. DoE staff then support diffusion of successful practices across the nationwide VHA. Methods: Organized around the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) Framework, we summarize results of an ongoing long-term mixed-methods implementation evaluation of DoE. Data sources include: Shark Tank application and bid details, tracking practice adoptions through a Diffusion Marketplace, characteristics of VHA facilities, focus groups with Shark Tank bidders, structured observations of DoE events, surveys of DoE program participants, and semi-structured interviews of national VHA program office leaders, VHA healthcare system/facility executives, practice developers, implementation teams and facilitators. Results: In the first eight Shark Tanks (2016-2022), 3,280 Shark Tank applications were submitted; 88 were designated DoE Promising Practices (i.e., practices receive facilitated replication). DoE has effectively spread practices across the VHA, with 1,440 documented instances of adoption/replication of practices across the VHA. This includes 180 adoptions/replications in facilities located in rural areas. Leadership decisions to adopt innovations are often based on big picture considerations such as constituency support and linkage to organizational goals. DoE Promising Practices that have the greatest national spread have been successfully replicated at new sites during the facilitated replication process, have close partnerships with VHA national program offices, and tend to be less expensive to implement. Two indicators of sustainment indicate that 56 of the 88 Promising Practices are still being diffused across the VHA; 56% of facilities originally replicating the practices have sustained them, even up to 6 years after the first Shark Tank. Conclusion: DoE has developed a sustainable process for the identification, replication, and spread of promising practices as part of a learning health system committed to providing equitable access to high quality care.

Sleep disturbance and suicide risk among sexual and gender minority people.

Sleep disturbance has emerged as an independent, mechanistic, and modifiable risk factor for suicide. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people disproportionately experience sleep disturbance and are at higher risk of death by suicide relative to cisgender and/or heterosexual individuals. The present narrative review evaluates nascent research related to sleep disturbance and suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (STBs) among SGM populations, and discusses how experiences of minority stress may explain heightened risk among SGM people. Although there is a growing understanding of the link between sleep disturbance and STBs, most research has not been conducted in SGM populations or has not examined suicide as an outcome. Research is needed to examine whether and how aspects of sleep disturbances relate to STBs among SGM people in order to better tailor sleep treatments for SGM populations.

Long-term Psychoactive Medications, Polypharmacy, and Risk of Suicide and Unintended Overdose Death Among Midlife and Older Women Veterans.

BACKGROUND: Rates of suicide and unintended overdose death are high among midlife and older women, yet there is paucity of data identifying women at greatest risk. Psychoactive medications, commonly prescribed and co-prescribed in this population, may serve as salient indicators of risk for these outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term psychoactive medications and psychoactive polypharmacy predict risk of suicide and unintended overdose death among midlife and older women Veterans above and beyond other recognized factors. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study PARTICIPANTS: Women Veterans aged ≥ 50 with at least one Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinical encounter in FY2012-2013. MAIN MEASURES: Long-term psychoactive medications (opioids, benzodiazepines, sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antiepileptics, prescribed for ≥ 90/180 days) and psychoactive polypharmacy (overlapping for ≥ 1 day) from VHA pharmacy records; suicide and unintended overdose death through December 31, 2018. KEY RESULTS: In this national sample of 154,558 midlife and older women Veterans (mean age 63.4, SD 9.3 years), 130 died by suicide and 175 died from unintentional overdose over an average of 5.6 years. In fully adjusted models, long-term opioids (hazard ratio (HR) 2.01, 95% CI 1.21-3.35) and benzodiazepines (HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.82-4.91) were associated with death by suicide; opioids (HR 3.62, 95% CI 2.46-5.34), benzodiazepines (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.73-4.42), sedative-hypnotics (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.06-3.29), antidepressants (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.12), antipsychotics (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.02-3.22), and antiepileptics (HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.48-3.19) were associated with unintended overdose death. Women who were co-prescribed ≥ 3 psychoactive medications had over 2-fold increased risk of suicide (HR 2.83, 95% CI 1.65-4.84) and unintended overdose death (HR 2.60, 95% CI 1.72-3.94). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term psychoactive medications and psychoactive medication polypharmacy were important indicators of risk for death by suicide and death by unintended overdose among midlife and older women Veterans, even after accounting for psychiatric and substance use disorders.

Considering Quality Measures for the Care of Transgender Patients: Preliminary Findings from a Technical Expert Panel.

Purpose: Transgender (TG) individuals are a historically understudied and underserved patient population. Although clinical guidelines for the care of TG patients exist, quality measures (QMs) specific to this population are lacking. The goal of this study was to obtain expert input on aspects of care for which quality measurement may be appropriate and describe feedback on candidate QMs. Methods: We convened a virtual technical expert panel in September 2020 with six experts in TG medical care. Experts participated in a guided discussion and provided numeric ratings on dimensions of measure suitability (importance, validity/reliability, feasibility, and ease of understanding) for eight candidate QMs spanning multiple care domains (e.g., laboratory testing/monitoring, cancer screening, and sexually transmitted infection screening). Results: Panelists acknowledged high importance and potential to improve care for some candidate QMs, particularly those related to laboratory testing before initiating and during hormone therapy. Numeric ratings of QMs varied but tended to be higher for testing-focused QMs. Experts raised concerns about overly prescriptive language for some QMs and emphasized the importance of considering more flexible specifications to accommodate diverse care scenarios-including care provided to nonbinary individuals-and align with the individualized nature of gender-affirming care. Conclusion: These preliminary findings support a potential role for QMs in improving quality of care for TG patients. Measures related to laboratory testing/monitoring for patients who receive or plan to initiate hormone therapy may be feasible and promising to explore in the future. Additional larger-scale efforts are needed to develop and test QMs for the care of TG individuals.

Attitudes and Intentions of US Veterans Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination.

Importance: Compared with the general population, veterans are at high risk for COVID-19 and have a complex relationship with the government. This potentially affects their attitudes toward receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Objective: To assess veterans' attitudes toward and intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional web-based survey study used data from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients' Veterans Insight Panel, fielded between March 12 and 28, 2021. Of 3420 veterans who were sent a link to complete a 58-item web-based survey, 1178 veterans (34%) completed the survey. Data were analyzed from April 1 to August 25, 2021. Exposures: Veterans eligible for COVID-19 vaccines. Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcomes of interest were veterans' experiences with COVID-19, vaccination status and intention groups, reasons for receiving or not receiving a vaccine, self-reported health status, and trusted and preferred sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines. Reasons for not getting vaccinated were classified into categories of vaccine deliberation, dissent, distrust, indifference, skepticism, and policy and processes. Results: Among 1178 respondents, 974 (83%) were men, 130 (11%) were women, and 141 (12%) were transgender or nonbinary; 58 respondents (5%) were Black, 54 veterans (5%) were Hispanic or Latino, and 987 veterans (84%) were non-Hispanic White. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 66.7 (10.1) years. A total of 817 respondents (71%) self-reported being vaccinated against COVID-19. Of 339 respondents (29%) who were not vaccinated, those unsure of getting vaccinated were more likely to report fair or poor overall health (32 respondents [43%]) and mental health (33 respondents [44%]) than other nonvaccinated groups (overall health: range, 20%-32%; mental health: range, 18%-40%). Top reasons for not being vaccinated were skepticism (120 respondents [36%] were concerned about side effects; 65 respondents [20%] preferred using few medications; 63 respondents [19%] preferred gaining natural immunity), deliberation (74 respondents [22%] preferred to wait because vaccine is new), and distrust (61 respondents [18%] did not trust the health care system). Among respondents who were vaccinated, preventing oneself from getting sick (462 respondents [57%]) and contributing to the end of the COVID-19 pandemic (453 respondents [56%]) were top reasons for getting vaccinated. All veterans reported the VA as 1 of their top trusted sources of information. The proportion of respondents trusting their VA health care practitioner as a source of vaccine information was higher among those unsure about vaccination compared with those who indicated they would definitely not or probably not get vaccinated (18 respondents [26%] vs 15 respondents [15%]). There were no significant associations between vaccine intention groups and age (χ24 = 5.90; P = .21) or gender (χ22 = 3.99; P = .14). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings provide information needed to develop trusted messages used in conversations between VA health care practitioners and veterans addressing specific vaccine hesitancy reasons, as well as those in worse health. Conversations need to emphasize societal reasons for getting vaccinated and benefits to one's own health.