Simultaneous differentiation of articular and transient cartilage: WNT-BMP interplay and its therapeutic implication.

Limb skeleton forms through the process of endochondral ossification. This process of osteogenesis proceeds through an intermediate cartilage template and involves several stages of chondrocyte maturation and eventual bone formation. During the process of endochondral ossification, interplay between BMP and WNT signaling regulate simultaneous differentiation of articular and transient cartilage. In this review, we focus on the recent literature which explores the simultaneous differentiation of these two different types of cartilage. We discuss a new paradigm of developmental biology-inspired tissue engineering of bone and cartilage grafts and provide novel insight into treatment of osteoporosis.