[Interdisciplinary position paper "Perioperative pain management"]. / Interdisziplinäres Positionspapier "Perioperatives Schmerzmanagement".

Despite many positive developments, postoperative pain and its treatment is still not always given the necessary attention. Severe pain after surgical procedures affects a significant proportion of patients. This very fact is not only detrimental to the immediate recovery process, but can also form the basis for the development of chronic pain conditions.An adequate and effective management of perioperative pain requires appropriate organizational structures. This multidisciplinary paper which was initiated by the Austrian Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and the Austrian Pain Society and developed together with numerous specialist and professional societies dealing with the subject aims at supporting the organization of perioperative pain management structures and to make best use of proven concepts. Additional recommendations describe specific interventions for selected types of intervention.

[Non-opioid analgesics--irreplaceable in cancer pain therapy? / Nicht-Opioid-Analgetika--unersetzlich in der Tumorschmerztherapie?

Sufficient therapy of pain is essential for the treatment of tumor patients. World Health Organisation (WHO)-guidelines recommend a combination of opioids with non-opioid-analgesics (NOA) for patients with medium to strong pain. Cancer pain is often a combination of pain caused by the tumor itself, tumor associated and pain caused by therapy. Various substances act by different mechanisms and therefore combinations may demonstrate superior effects. Opioids ("central analgesics") inhibit neuronal transduction within the spinal cord, enhance inhibiting function of midbrain nuclei on ascending pain transduction and influence pain perception via modulation of the limbic system. NOAs ("peripheral analgesics") inhibit cyclooxygenase hindering activation of the peripheral nociceptor-system. There are 2 different classes of NOAs: 1) non-acidic, antipyretic analgesics like pyrazolones (metamizol) and anilin-derivates (paracetamol) and 2) non-steroidal antirheumatics (NSAR) like salicylates (acetylsalicylic acid), derivates of propionic acid (ibuprofen, naproxen), acetate acid (indomethacin, diclofenac), enolic acid (piroxicam, meloxicam) and anthranil acid (mefenamin). Adjuvant therapy is necessary to control common NSAR-side-effects like dyspepsia, ulcer and gastrointestinal bleeding. Due to its exceptional analgesic, antipyretic and spasmolytic properties, metamizol is an essential substance in tumor therapy. As agranulocytosis-incidence of 1:1,000,000 is low, good gastrointestinal and renal tolerance makes metamizol an excellent alternative to NSAR. There is scientific evidence that adequate combinations of non-opioids, opioids and adjuvant drugs, considering adverse side effects, were effective and safe in the treatment of cancer pain.

Changing bacterial ecology during a five-year period of selective intestinal decontamination.

The development of bacterial resistance during selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) is controversial. We studied effects on bacterial resistance one year before and during a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of SDD in a surgical intensive care unit. We randomized patients within two different topical regimens (PTA, PCA) or placebo, administered four-times daily to both the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract. All patients received intravenous ciprofloxacin (200 mg b.d.) for four days. Both SDD regimens successfully reduced aerobic Gram-negative intestinal colonization. There was no increase in resistance of Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus developed multi-resistance over one year, but differences between groups were not significant. We detected a shift towards Gram-positive organisms. Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus increased in concert with ciprofloxacin resistance, from 17 to 80.7%, and frequencies of resistance were significantly higher in SDD patients (P < 0.001). Resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) to oxacillin increased initially (25 to 66.9%), but values returned to baseline in controls. Ciprofloxacin resistance in CNS remained higher (P < 0.001) in SDD-treated patients (52.5 vs. 23.3%). The incidence of late respiratory tract infections was unaltered by the prophylactic regimen (SDD 35.2%; Placebo 41.2%; n.s.). We cannot recommend SDD as a prophylactic tool in critically ill patients.

Selective intestinal decontamination in multiple trauma patients: prospective, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Reduction of potential pathogens by selective intestinal decontamination has been proposed to improve intensive care. Despite large scientific interest in this method, little is known about its benefit in homogeneous trauma populations. METHODS: In a prospective, controlled study, we enrolled non-infected trauma patients (age over 18 years, mechanical ventilation > or = 48 hours, intensive care for more than 3 days) who primarily were admitted to our university medical center. We randomized patients to be treated with two different topical regimens (polymyxin, tobramycin, and amphotericin (PTA) or polymyxin, ciprofloxin, amphotericin (PCA)) or the carrier only (placebo), administered four times daily both to the oropharynx and to the gastrointestinal tract. All patients received intravenous ciprofloxacin (200 mg, bd) for 4 days. FINDINGS: Of 357 enrolled patients, 310 (age 38.0 +/- 16.5 years, Injury Severity Score 35.2 +/- 12.7) met all inclusion criteria. Selective decontamination successfully reduced intestinal bacterial colonization. However, we did not identify significant differences between groups regarding pneumonia (PTA 47.5%, PCA 39.0%, placebo 45.3%), sepsis (PTA 47.5%, PCA 37.8%, placebo 42.6%), multiple organ failure (PTA 56.3%; PCA 52.4%, placebo 58.1%), and death (PTA 11.3%, PCA 12.2%, placebo 10.8%). Total costs per patient were highest with the PTA regimen. CONCLUSIONS: We found no benefit of selective decontamination in trauma patients. Apparently, bacterial overgrowth in the intestinal tract is not the sole link between trauma, sepsis, and organ failure.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the amygdaloid complex of the rat: immunohistochemical and quantitative distribution, and drug effects on calcium dependent, potassium-evoked in vitro release.

The amygdaloid complex is an area with a high concentration of calcitonin gene-related peptide. In the present paper, immunohistochemical studies revealed a dense innervation of the central nucleus originating most probably from the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. For determination of tissue concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity, the amygdaloid complex was dissected into four parts. The distribution was found to be uneven with the highest concentration (1153.3 fmol/mg protein) in the portion including the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis from an extract of amygdaloid tissue showed that 97% of the calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity measured by radioimmunoassay is authentic rat calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha or beta. Release of calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity was measured in superfused slices of amygdalae pooled from three rats. High potassium (60 mM) caused a significant release of calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity (from 0.88% of total tissue content to 1.91%) from the amygdaloid complex in vitro, which was blocked in calcium-free buffer. Pretreatment with haloperidol or clozapine caused a significant reduction of the 60 mM potassium-evoked release, compared with a saline treated control group (control 21.0 fmol; haloperidol 2.8 fmol; clozapine 8.8 fmol) and an increase of tissue levels after haloperidol treatment by 43%. These results demonstrate that calcitonin gene-related peptide is integrated in amygdaloid functions and possibly a target for actions of neuroleptic drugs.

5-HT3 receptor antagonists inhibit sensory neuropeptide release from the rat spinal cord.

5-HT3 receptors may be present on primary afferent neurons containing substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We investigated the release of SP-, NKA- and CGRP-immunoreactivities (IR) from rat spinal cord slices. Thirty mM potassium chloride caused an increased outflow of all three peptides, i.e. 140-190% of spontaneous release. This release was slightly enhanced in the presence of 3 x 10(-5) M 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In contrast, a significant inhibition of potassium-evoked, but not of basal NKA-IR and CGRP-IR release was observed when 10(-7) M BRL 43694 or ICS 205-930, two specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, were superfused together with 5-HT. In conclusion, 5-HT may facilitate the evoked release of peptides from central terminals of primary sensory neurons via 5-HT3 receptors.