Influence of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) enriched diet on antioxidant status, immunity level, and pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines modulation in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch 1790) against Vibrio anguillarum.

Effect of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) on growth, immunity, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expressions in juvenile Asian sea bass (barramundi), Lates calcarifer against Vibrio anguillarum was investigated. V. anguillarum infected fish fed by 2g BVP kg-1 diet exhibited significant growth, albumin (AB), serum total protein (TP), and globulin (GB) levels. Similarly, enhanced lysozyme (LZM), phagocytic (PC), anti-protease (AP), respiratory burst (RB), bactericidal (BC) activities and total immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were observed in fish fed 2g BVP kg-1. In addition, use of 2g BVP kg-1 in diet modulated several immune related gene expressions against Vibrio disease. This study exhibited a positive effect of dietary 2g BVP kg-1 diet on hemato-biochemical and immunological responses, which enhance the immunocompetence and health status of L. calcarifer against V. anguillarum infection.

Study on antioxidant potential, immunological response, and inflammatory cytokines induction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in silver carp against vibriosis.

Effect of dietary with 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1 glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on growth enhancer, blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzyme ability, innate-adaptive defense, and inflammatory cytokines induction was studied in silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix against vibriosis caused by Vibrio alginolyticus. Significant weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and 100% survival rate (SR) was attained non-infected health (NiH) fish fed in control or all GA diets on 30, 45, and 60 days. Both NiH and V. alginolyticus challenged (VaC) fish treated with 200 mg GA diet significantly (P < 0.05) exhibited an enhancement in leucocytes value on 30, 45, and 60 days. Albumin (AB) or total proteins (TP) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) better in both groups fed 200 GA on 45 and 60 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also substantial (P < 0.05) in both groups fed 200 mg GA on days 30, 45, and 60; whereas glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly (P < 0.05) better in both groups received 200 mg GA on days 45 and 60. Phagocytic (PC) and lysozyme (Lyz) activities significantly enhanced in both groups fed 200 or 300 mg GA on 45 and 60 days. Respiratory burst (RB), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immunoglobulin (Ig) production significantly (P < 0.05) increased in both groups administered 200 or 300 mg GA. Growth hormone (GH) mRNA was up regulated in 200 mg GA trial on 45 days and in 200 or 300 mg GA treatments on 60 days. The IL-8 cytokine mRNA expression was up-regulated in both groups 200 and 300 mg GA on days 45 and 60, whereas TNF-α mRNA expression was increased in 200 mg GA. In addition, IL-10 cytokine mRNA expression was up regulated in 200 mg GA on 45 days whereas it was increased in both 200 mg and 300 mg GA trial on 60 days. The present study revealed that feeding fish 200 mg GA per kg diet demonstrated a better growth, digestive-antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive defense, and inflammatory cytokines induction than lower or higher dosage of GA in H. molitrix against V. alginolyticus.

Kaolin incorporated diet on growth and immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of kaolin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. Both the infected and uninfected groups fed with kaolin enriched diet gained better weight, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The survival rate was 98.3% in control (C) and uninfected (UI) fed with 2 g kg-1 kaolin diet, whereas it was 95.0% in uninfected (UI) fed with 1 g kg-1 or infected (I) fed with 1 g kg-1 kaolin diets. In both groups the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils, level of albumin and globulin increased in uninfected (UI) fed with 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 diets. The serum Ig level significantly increased in both groups when fed with 3 g kg-1 diet, whereas the phagocytic activity did not increase significantly. Further the respiratory burst activity in both groups significantly increased with any supplemented diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the infected group fed with 2 g kg-1 diet and the uninfected group fed with 1 g kg-1 diet. The complement activity was significantly enhanced in both groups when fed with 1 and 2 g kg-1 diets; the lysozyme activity increased with 2 g kg-1 diet; besides the group was 5% mortality whereas 10% mortality was observed when fed with 1 or 3 g kg-1 diets. The present results suggest that C. idellus fed with kaolin enriched diet promotes growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Immune defense of emodin enriched diet in Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

This study investigates the effect of emodin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila. The basal (control) diet supplemented with emodin at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 g kg-1 was fed to the experimental groups for a period of four weeks. Feeding infected fish with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin enriched diets resulted in an overall weight gain, enhanced PER and FCR when compared to other diets. The survival rates were 98.3% and 96.7% in 0.1 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin diet fed groups. Feeding with 0.2 g kg-1 diet the RBC level significantly elevated on week 1 and with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on weeks 2 and 4. The WBC, the percentage of globulin and neutrophils increased significantly with 0.2 g kg-1 diet only on week 4; however with 0.4 g kg-1 diet the increase was observed from week 1-4. The phagocytic activity increased significantly on being fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on week 2 while with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 diets the increase manifested only on week 4; the respiratory burst activity also significantly increased on week 4 whereas increased the complement activity on weeks 2 and 4. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was high on being fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on week 1; with 0.2 g kg-1 or 0.4 g kg-1 diets the increase was observed on weeks 2 and 4. The serum IgM level significantly increased when fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet whereas the lysozyme activity was enhanced with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin diets on weeks 2 and 4. The percentage cumulative mortality was 10% with 0.1 g kg-1 or 0.2 g kg-1 diets while with 0.2 g kg-1 diet it was 15%. The results demonstrate that as a feed additive emodin acts as an immunostimulant enhancing the specific and nonspecific immune defense affording increased disease protection, enhances better growth and boosts hematology parameters in C. batrachus against A. hydrophila infection.

Bentonite clay supplemented diet on immunity in stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of Sodium Bentonite (SB) enriched diet on growth performance, innate immune response, and disease resistance in stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The infected fish fed with 5% SB had the maximum weight gain diet (PWG %) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were 26% and 29% when compared to 14% and 17% with 10% diet. Similarly the phagocytic activity increased significantly when infected fish were fed with 5% or 10% SB diets during the experimental period; the complement, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities were also significantly enhanced on weeks 2 and 4. The lower cumulative mortality (10% and 15%) was observed when the infected fish were fed with 5% and 10% SB diets for 30 days. The results suggest that the infected H. fossilis after administration of 5% and 10% SB enriched diets for 30 days had significantly improved growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against A. hydrophilla. Hence, sodium bentonite can be used as a feed additive to stimulate immunity and for disease resistance in the effective production of economically valuable freshwater catfish, H. fossilis.

Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera supplementation diet in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of Withania somnifera extract supplementation diets on innate immune response in giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated. The bacterial clearance efficiency significantly increased in prawn fed with 0.1% and 1.0% doses of W. somnifera supplementation diet against pathogen from weeks 1-4 as compared to the control. The innate immune parameters such as, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anion level, superoxide dismutase activity, nitrate, and nitrite concentrations were significantly enhanced in prawn fed with 0.1% and 1.0% doses of W. somnifera supplementation diet from weeks 1-4 against pathogen. The total hemocyte counts (THC) significantly increased in prawn fed with 0.1% and 1.0% doses diet from weeks 1-4 against pathogen as compared to the control. These results strongly suggested that administration of W. somnifera through supplementation diet positively enhances the innate immune system and enhanced survival rate in M. rosenbergii against A. hydrophila infection.