Subject(s)
Analgesics/therapeutic use , Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/drug therapy , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Adult , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Ketamine/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The objective of this research work was to study the potential application of activated carbon from sewage sludge to organic dye removal. Methylene blue and crystal violet were the two dyes investigated in the present study. Three activated carbons were produced from the exclusive sewage sludge (referred to as DS), the sludge with the additive of coconut husk (DC) and sludge with the additive of peanut shell (DP) respectively. They were characterized by their surface area and porosity and their surface chemistry structure. Adsorption studies were performed by the batch technique to obtain kinetic and equilibrium data. The results show that the three sludge-derived activated carbons had a developed porosity and marked content of surface functional groups. They exhibited a rapid three-stage adsorption process for both methylene blue and crystal violet. Their adsorption capacities for the two dyes were high, the carbon DP performed best in the adsorption whereas the carbon DC performed worst. It is therefore concluded that the activated carbons made from sewage sludge and its mixtures are promising for dye removal from aqueous streams.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local/chemistry , Charcoal/chemistry , Coloring Agents/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Gentian Violet/chemistry , Methylene Blue/chemistry , Sewage/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Adsorption , Arachis , Chemical Industry , Cocos , Sewage/microbiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of maternal anaemia continues to be high (over 70%) in India in spite of a major nationwide intervention programme. This study was carried out in June 1996 on a representative sample of pregnant women from K.V. Kuppam and Gudiyatham blocks of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS: Haemoglobin (Hb) estimations were done in a sample of 895 pregnant women in both the blocks while serum ferritin (SF) levels were estimated on a subsample of 445 pregnant women. RESULTS: The prevalence of maternal anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) was 69.3% (35.8% moderately anaemic, 30.2% mildly anaemic and 3.3% severely anaemic). The mean Hb was 10.1 g/dl. Prevalence of iron deficiency was 36.3% [SF < 12 micrograms/L, mean SF 24.3 micrograms/L (range: 1.5-153 micrograms/L)]. Iron deficiency anaemia as defined by Hb < 11 g/dl and SF < 12 micrograms/L was 29.5%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of maternal anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia continues to be high in spite of planned interventions implemented at the national level.
