Radiographic/MR Imaging Correlation of the Wrist.

In this review article, the authors discuss the imaging features of the most common pathologic conditions of the wrist by putting the emphasis on radiographic and MR imaging correlations. A topographic approach based on the 3 functional columns of the wrist (radial, central, and ulnar) serves as a framework. The pathologic conditions are classified, based on the structures involved, as fractures, ligament injuries, arthropathies, bone abnormalities, and tendinopathies. The authors describe and evaluate classic radiographic signs and explain how they correlate with MR imaging. The advantages and limitations of each technique are thoroughly discussed as well as other imaging modalities.

Evaluation of an albumin-binding gadolinium contrast agent in multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The first goal of this study is to compare gadofosveset trisodium--a gadolinium agent that reversibly binds to albumin--to an extracellular contrast agent (Gd-DOTA) for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. The second goal is to determine the best postinjection time for the detection of contrast-enhanced lesions. METHODS: Nine patients underwent 2 MRI examinations, respectively, after Gd-DOTA (0.1 mmol/kg) and gadofosveset trisodium (0.03 mmol/kg) administration. Axial T1 spin-echo-weighted images were acquired at several time points after injection (4 minutes for Gd-DOTA, and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours for gadofosveset trisodium). Images were analyzed by 4 neuroradiologists who marked the contrast-enhanced lesions and, for each marked lesion, chose the acquisition they preferred and segmented the lesion on their preferred acquisition. RESULTS: The 4-hour gadofosveset trisodium acquisition was ranked best for the 3 tasks: contrast-enhanced lesions were seen by more readers, they preferred this acquisition, and improvements of the signal enhancement (125%) and of the contrast-to-noise ratio (73%) vs Gd-DOTA at 4 minutes were observed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Gadofosveset trisodium after 4 hours significantly improves the number of detected contrast-enhanced multiple sclerosis lesions as compared to Gd-DOTA after 4 minutes, even though the injected dose of gadolinium was two-thirds lower.

Cone-beam computed tomography arthrography: an innovative modality for the evaluation of wrist ligament and cartilage injuries.

PURPOSE: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become an important modality in dento-facial imaging but remains poorly used in the exploration of the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the performance and radiation exposure of CBCT arthrography in the evaluation of ligament and cartilage injuries in cadaveric wrists, with gross pathology findings as the standard of reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conventional arthrography was performed under fluoroscopic guidance on 10 cadaveric wrists, followed by MDCT acquisition and CBCT acquisition. CBCT arthrography and MDCT arthrography images were independently analyzed by two musculoskeletal radiologists working independently and then in consensus. The following items were observed: scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) (tear, integrity), and proximal carpal row cartilage (chondral tears). Wrists were dissected and served as the standard of reference for comparisons. Interobserver agreement, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were determined. Radiation dose (CTDI) of both modalities was recorded. RESULTS: CBCT arthrography provides equivalent results to MDCT arthrography in the evaluation of ligaments and cartilage with sensitivity and specificity between 82 and 100%, and interobserver agreement between 0.83 and 0.97. However, radiation dose was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for CBCT arthrography than for MDCT arthrography with a mean CTDI of 2.1 mGy (range 1.7-2.2) versus a mean of 15.1 mGy (range 14.7-16.1). CONCLUSION: CBCT arthrography appears to be an innovative alternative to MDCT arthrography of the wrist as it allows an accurate and low radiation dose evaluation of ligaments and cartilage.

Athletic injuries of the extensor carpi ulnaris subsheath: MRI findings and utility of gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination.

OBJECTIVE: To report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in athletic injuries of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subsheath, assessing the utility of gadolinium-enhanced (Gd) fat-saturated (FS) T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination. METHODS: Sixteen patients (13 male, three female; mean age 30.3 years) with athletic injuries of the ECU subsheath sustained between January 2003 and June 2009 were included in this retrospective study. Initial and follow-up 1.5-T wrist MRIs were performed with transverse T1-weighted and STIR sequences in pronation, and Gd FS T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination. Two radiologists assessed the type of injury (A to C), ECU tendon stability, associated lesions and rated pulse sequences using a three-point scale: 1=poor, 2=good and 3=excellent. RESULTS: Gd-enhanced FS T1-weighted transverse sequences in supination (2.63) and pronation (2.56) were most valuable, compared with STIR (2.19) and T1-weighted (1.94). Nine type A, one type B and six type C injuries were found. There were trends towards diminution in size, signal intensity and enhancement of associated pouches on follow-up MRI and tendon stabilisation within the ulnar groove. CONCLUSION: Gd-enhanced FS T1-weighted sequences with wrist pronation and supination are most valuable in assessing and follow-up athletic injuries of the ECU subsheath on 1.5-T MRI.

Diffusion-weighted imaging in noncompressive myelopathies: a 33-patient prospective study.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is frequently used to differentiate cerebral lesions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of DWI and the measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in noncompressive myelopathy explorations. Thirty-three patients presenting a spinal cord syndrome due to a noncompressive myelopathy underwent spinal cord MRI between September 2005 and November 2008. For each patient, the ADC was calculated in the pathological spinal cord. ADC values were also measured in the healthy spinal cord of ten control subjects. Statistical analysis was based on the Student's t test. Twenty-one patients presented an inflammatory myelopathy: Nine patients presented multiple sclerosis, three patients presented a parainfectious myelopathy, two patients acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, one patient neuromyelitis optica, one patient systemic lupus erythematosus, and five patients a myelopathy of unknown aetiology. Six patients presented a spinal cord infarction. ADC values were significantly lower in spinal cord infarct (mean ADC = 0.81 +/- 0.08 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) than in inflammatory spinal cord lesions (mean ADC = 1.37 +/- 0.23 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) and in healthy control spinal cord (mean ADC = 0.93 +/- 0.07 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s). These results are important to differentiate ischaemic from inflammatory myelopathies, especially at the acute phase when clinical presentation and extensive work-up are not able to show an aetiologic diagnosis. Although these results are similar to those described in cerebral explorations, ADC measurements remain technically limited for the moment.

Accuracy of intermediate dose of furosemide injection to improve multidetector row CT urography.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the usefulness of intermediate dose furosemide to improve visualization of the intrarenal collecting system and ureter using MDCTU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of 100 patients without urinary tract disease or major abdominal pathology underwent MDCTU. Group I (various abdominal indications) was performed without any additional preparation and Group II (suspicion of urinary tract disease) 10 min after injection of furosemide (20mg). MIP images of the excretory phase were post-processed. Maximal short-axis diameter of the pelvis and ureter were measured on axial images for all phases. Visualization of the collecting system wall and the identification of the whole ureter were assessed. RESULTS: Mean pelvic diameter before contrast was (7.4mm, S.D.+/-2.7; 13.4mm, S.D.+/-4.1), on cortico-medullary phase (8.4mm, S.D.+/-4.2; 14.3mm, S.D.+/-4), on nephrographic phase (8.1mm, S.D.+/-2.5; 14.8mm, S.D.+/-4) and on excretory phase (9.7 mm, S.D.+/-3.4; 14.9 mm, S.D.+/-4.5), respectively, for Groups I and II. Intrarenal collecting system wall was clearly identified on both corticomedullary and nephrographic phases in 91% of Group II against 20% of Group I. Opacification of the entire ureter was excellent on excretory phase in 96% of Group II against 13% of Group I. The difference between the mean values for the two groups was statistically significant for all phases (p<10(-9)). CONCLUSION: Intermediate-dose furosemide (20mg) before MDCTU is a very simple add-on for accurate depiction of pelvicalyceal details and collecting system wall without artefacts. The procedure is associated with a constant and complete visualisation of the entire urete.