ABSTRACT
Screening for protein kinase CK2 inhibitors of the structural diversity compound library (DTP NCI/NIH) led to the discovery of 4-[(E)-(fluoren-9-ylidenehydrazinylidene)-methyl]benzoic acid (E9). E9 induces apoptotic cell death in various cancer cell lines and upon hypoxia, the compound suppresses CK2-catalyzed HSP90/Cdc37 phosphorylation and induces HIF-1α degradation. Furthermore, E9 exerts a strong anti-tumour activity by inducing necrosis in murine xenograft models underlining its potential to be used for cancer treatment in future clinical studies. Crystal structure analysis of human and maize CK2α in complex with E9 reveals unique binding properties of the inhibitor to the enzyme, accounting for its affinity and selectivity.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/pharmacology , Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Fluorenes/pharmacology , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/chemistry , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Protein Conformation/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Luciferases/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Nude , Neoplasms/enzymology , Neoplasms/pathology , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases are important targets for drug development because many proteins in the PI3 kinase signaling pathway are mutated, hyperactivated, or overexpressed in human cancers. Here, the authors coexpressed the human class Ia PI3 kinase p110alpha catalytic domain with an N-terminal His-tag and the p85alpha regulatory domain in Sf9 insect cells. The complex consisting of p110alpha and p85alpha was purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The authors established an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion assay to measure the activity of p110alpha/p85alpha. The assay was optimized by testing different lipids as substrates, as well as various kinase and lipid concentrations. Furthermore, they analyzed autophosphorylation of p110alpha/p85alpha and determined the IC(50) for wortmannin, a known PI3 kinase inhibitor. The IC(50) for wortmannin was determined to be 7 nM. From a selection of substrates, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-biphosphate turned out to be the best substrate at a concentration of 50 microM. p110alpha/p85alpha underwent autophosphorylation most prominently at the p85alpha subunit. However, in the presence of lipid substrate, the autophosphorylation was negligible. In parallel, a second assay format using the AlphaScreen technology was optimized to measure PI3 kinase activity. Both assay formats used should be suitable for high-throughput screening for the identification of PI3 kinase inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphate/deficiency , Biological Assay/methods , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/isolation & purification , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Androstadienes/pharmacology , Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Humans , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Time Factors , Titrimetry , WortmanninABSTRACT
Knocking out the regulatory beta subunit of protein kinase CK2 in mice leads to early embryonic lethality. Heterozygous CK2beta (CK2beta+/-) knockout mice do not show an obvious phenotype. However, the number of heterozygous offsprings from CK2B+/- inter-crossings is lower than expected, meaning that some heterozygous embryos do not survive. Interestingly, CK2beta+/- ES (Embryonic Stem) cells express a considerably lower level of CK2beta than wild-type ES cells, whereas the level of CK2beta in organs from heterozygous adult mice does not significantly differ from those of wild-type mice. The data suggest a compensatory mechanism that adjusts CK2beta levels during development in the majority of, but not in all, cases (Mol Cell Biol 23: 908-915, 2003). In order to find an explanation for the gene dosage effect observed for heterozygous offsprings, we analysed embryos at mid-gestation (E10.5) as well as wild-type and CK2beta+/- ES cells for differences in growth rate and response to different stress agents. Analysis of E10.5 embryos generated from heterozygous matings revealed about 20% of smaller retarded CK2beta+/- embryos. No correlation between CK2beta levels in normal looking and retarded CK2beta+/- embryos were found. However, a different post-translational form of CK2beta protein has been detected in these retarded embryos. Cellular parameters such as growth rate and G1-, G2-checkpoints in ES cells were identical in both wild-type and CK2beta+/- cells. When ES cells were injected to induce differentiated teratocarcinoma in syngenic mice, the size of the tumours correlated with the level of CK2beta.
Subject(s)
Casein Kinase II/metabolism , Embryo, Mammalian/abnormalities , Gene Dosage , Protein Subunits/metabolism , Stem Cells/physiology , Animals , Casein Kinase II/genetics , Cell Cycle , Embryo, Mammalian/enzymology , Heterozygote , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Phenotype , Protein Subunits/genetics , Stem Cells/enzymology , Teratocarcinoma/enzymology , Teratocarcinoma/pathologyABSTRACT
The Drosophila clock proteins timekeeper (CK2a(Tik)) and andante (CK2beta(And)) are mutated CK2alpha and CK2beta subunits, respectively. In order to revisit the hypothesis concerning a perturbation of the beta/beta and/or alpha/beta subunit association, involving the andante mutant we have cloned, expressed and purified the recombinant andante mutant CK2beta(And) and a CK2 holoenzyme composed of CK2beta(And) and the wildtype CK2alpha subunit. Biochemical analyses using gel filtration analysis, inhibitor and heat treatment, as well as urea denaturation studies did not yield significant differences between the wildtype holoenzyme (alpha2beta2) and a holoenzyme containing wildtype CK2alpha and andante CK2beta(And). The timekeeper mutant, CK2alpha(Tik) has been reported to show a significant reduction in enzyme activity. In order to closely investigate the reason for this reduction in activity, we have also cloned and expressed the human homologue of Drosophila timekeeper. Using a CK2 holoenzyme containing the human timekeeper mutant and the wildtype CK2beta subunit we could confirm a strongly reduced activity towards CK2 substrates, but also a significant reduction in the autophosphorylation of the CK2beta in the absence of any substrate. Based on a structure-based model we postulate that the mutation M161K in Drosophila (i.e. M163K in human) is responsible for the drastic loss of activity, where the lysine residue may cause improper binding of the tri-nucleotide.
Subject(s)
Casein Kinase II/metabolism , Circadian Rhythm , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila melanogaster/physiology , Models, Molecular , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Casein Kinase II/chemistry , Casein Kinase II/genetics , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Holoenzymes/genetics , Holoenzymes/metabolism , Humans , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Phosphorylation , Protein Subunits/genetics , Protein Subunits/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous protein kinase implicated in proliferation and cell survival. Its regulatory beta subunit, CK2beta, which is encoded by a single gene in mammals, has been suspected of regulating other protein kinases. In this work, we show that knockout of the CK2beta gene in mice leads to postimplantation lethality. Mutant embryos were reduced in size at embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5). They did not exhibit signs of apoptosis but did show reduced cell proliferation. Mutant embryos were resorbed at E7.5. In vitro, CK2beta(-/-) morula development stopped after the blastocyst stage. Attempts to generate homozygous embryonic stem (ES) cells failed. By using a conditional knockout approach, we show that lack of CK2beta is deleterious for mouse ES cells and primary embryonic fibroblasts. This is in contrast to what occurs with yeast cells, which can survive without functional CK2beta. Thus, our study demonstrates that in mammals, CK2beta is essential for viability at the cellular level, possibly because it acquired new functions during evolution.
