ABSTRACT
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the noncoding telomerase RNA (TR) subunit constitute the core of telomerase. Additional subunits are required for ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and in some cases remain stably associated with the active holoenzyme. Pof8, a member of the LARP7 protein family is such a constitutive component of telomerase in fission yeast. Using affinity purification of Pof8, we have identified two previously uncharacterized proteins that form a complex with Pof8 and participate in telomerase biogenesis. Both proteins participate in ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and are required for wildtype telomerase activity and telomere length maintenance. One factor we named Thc1 (Telomerase Holoenzyme Component 1) shares structural similarity with the nuclear cap binding complex and the poly-adenosine ribonuclease (PARN), the other is the ortholog of the methyl phosphate capping enzyme (Bin3/MePCE) in metazoans and was named Bmc1 (Bin3/MePCE 1) to reflect its evolutionary roots. Thc1 and Bmc1 function together with Pof8 in recognizing correctly folded telomerase RNA and promoting the recruitment of the Lsm2-8 complex and the catalytic subunit to assemble functional telomerase.
Subject(s)
Schizosaccharomyces , Telomerase , Holoenzymes/metabolism , Phosphates/metabolism , Protein Binding , RNA/metabolism , RNA Cap-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism , Telomerase/metabolism , Telomere/metabolismABSTRACT
Homologous recombination (HR) repair of programmed meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires endonucleolytic clipping of Rec12(Spo11)-oligonucleotides from 5' DNA ends followed by resection to generate invasive 3' single-stranded DNA tails. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) endonuclease and Ctp1 (CtIP and Sae2 ortholog) are required for both activities in fission yeast but whether they are genetically separable is controversial. Here, we investigate the mitotic DSB repair properties of Ctp1 C-terminal domain (ctp1-CD) mutants that were reported to be specifically clipping deficient. These mutants are sensitive to many clastogens, including those that create DSBs devoid of covalently bound proteins. These sensitivities are suppressed by genetically eliminating Ku nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) protein, indicating that Ctp1-dependent clipping by MRN is required for Ku removal from DNA ends. However, this rescue requires Exo1 resection activity, implying that Ctp1-dependent resection by MRN is defective in ctp1-CD mutants. The ctp1-CD mutants tolerate one but not multiple broken replication forks, and they are highly reliant on the Chk1-mediated cell cycle checkpoint arrest, indicating that HR repair is inefficient. We conclude that the C-terminal domain of Ctp1 is required for both efficient clipping and resection of DSBs by MRN and these activities are mechanistically similar.
Subject(s)
DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Exodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism , Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/metabolism , Schizosaccharomyces/genetics , Alleles , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded/drug effects , DNA Damage , DNA Repair/drug effects , DNA Replication/drug effects , DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , Gene Deletion , Ku Autoantigen/metabolism , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Mutagens/toxicity , Mutation/genetics , Schizosaccharomyces/drug effects , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism , Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistryABSTRACT
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is essential for intraspecies communication in many terrestrial vertebrates. The ionic mechanisms of VNO activation remain unclear. We found that the calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 and the G protein-activated potassium channel GIRK are part of an independent pathway for VNO activation. In slice preparations, the potassium channels attenuated inward currents carried by TRPC2 and calcium-activated chloride channels (CACCs). In intact tissue preparations, paradoxically, the potassium channels enhanced urine-evoked inward currents. This discrepancy resulted from the loss of a high concentration of lumenal potassium, which enabled the influx of potassium ions to depolarize the VNO neurons in vivo. Both Sk3 (also known as Kcnn3) and Girk1 (also known as Kcnj3) homozygous null mice showed deficits in mating and aggressive behaviors, and the deficiencies in Sk3(-/-) mice were exacerbated by Trpc2 knockout. Our results suggest that VNO activation is mediated by TRPC2, CACCs and two potassium channels, all of which contributed to the in vivo depolarization of VNO neurons.
Subject(s)
G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/physiology , Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/physiology , Vomeronasal Organ/physiology , Aggression/physiology , Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Dendrites/physiology , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/genetics , In Situ Hybridization , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mucus/metabolism , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Potassium/pharmacology , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/genetics , Stimulation, Chemical , TRPC Cation Channels/genetics , TRPC Cation Channels/physiology , Urine/physiologyABSTRACT
The efficacy of lipid-encapsulated, chemically modified short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was examined in an in vivo mouse model of HBV replication. Stabilized siRNA targeted to the HBV RNA was incorporated into a specialized liposome to form a stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection into mice carrying replicating HBV. The improved efficacy of siRNA-SNALP compared to unformulated siRNA correlates with a longer half-life in plasma and liver. Three daily intravenous injections of 3 mg/kg/day reduced serum HBV DNA >1.0 log(10). The reduction in HBV DNA was specific, dose-dependent and lasted for up to 7 d after dosing. Furthermore, reductions were seen in serum HBV DNA for up to 6 weeks with weekly dosing. The advances demonstrated here, including persistence of in vivo activity, use of lower doses and reduced dosing frequency are important steps in making siRNA a clinically viable therapeutic approach.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/therapy , Hepatitis B/virology , Liposomes/chemistry , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry , Animals , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Cell Line, Tumor , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/administration & dosage , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Female , Gene Targeting/methods , Genetic Therapy/methods , Hepatitis B/genetics , Hepatitis B/metabolism , Hepatitis B virus/drug effects , Humans , Liposomes/pharmacokinetics , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Male , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Mice , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacokinetics , Tissue Distribution , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
To develop synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules as therapeutic agents for systemic administration in vivo, chemical modifications were introduced into siRNAs targeted to conserved sites in hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA. These modifications conferred significantly prolonged stability in human serum compared with unmodified siRNAs. Cell culture studies revealed a high degree of gene silencing after treatment with the chemically modified siRNAs. To assess activity of the stabilized siRNAs in vivo initially, an HBV vector-based model was used in which the siRNA and the HBV vector were codelivered via high-volume tail vein injection. More than a 3 log10 decrease in levels of serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen, as well as liver HBV RNA, were observed in the siRNA-treated groups compared with the control siRNA-treated and saline groups. Furthermore, the observed decrease in serum HBV DNA was 1.5 log10 more with stabilized siRNA compared with unmodified siRNA, indicating the value of chemical modification in therapeutic applications of siRNA. In subsequent experiments, standard systemic intravenous dosing of stabilized siRNA 72 hours after injection of the HBV vector resulted a 0.9 log10 reduction of serum HBV DNA levels after 2 days of dosing. In conclusion, these experiments establish the strong impact that siRNAs can have on the extent of HBV infection and underscore the importance of stabilization of siRNA against nuclease degradation.
