ABSTRACT
Horse riding (HR) is a sport harmonized with rider and horse. HR is renowned as an effective sport for young and old women and men. There is rare study regarding comparison between elite horse riders and amateurs. We aimed to investigate comprehensive ranges of parameters such as change of lactate, heart rate, calorie, VO2max, skeletal muscle mass, body water, body fat, etc between amateurs and professionals to emphasize HR not only as a sport training but also as a therapeutic aspect. We performed 3 experiments for comparing physical fitness, body compositions, lactate value, heart rate and calorie consumption change before and after riding between amateurs and elites. Around 3 yr riding experienced elites are preeminent at balance capability compared to 1 yr riding experienced amateurs. During 18 min horse riding, skeletal muscle mass and body fat were interestingly increased and decreased, respectively. Lactate response was more sensitive in elites rather than amateurs and its recovery was reversely reacted. Exercise intensity estimated from heart rate was significantly higher in elites (P<0.05). The similar pattern of calorie consumption during riding between amateurs and elites was shown. Horse riding possibly induces various physiological (muscle strength, balance, oxidative capability, flexibility, and metabolic control) changes within body and is thus highly recommended as combined exercise for women, children, and aged as therapeutic and leisure sport activity.
ABSTRACT
Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at near room temperature would not only enable integration of oxide films on polymers but would provide the capability of conformal coating of high-aspect ratio features required for fabrication of many micro-and nanoelectronic devices. The concept of near room temperature MOCVD (nanocluster deposition: NCD) consists of the production of a single phase with nanosized crystalline nuclei by a chemical vapor reaction at the showerhead maintained above the decomposition temperature of the precursors and consequently deposition of the nanosized crystalline films on unheated substrates. Deposition of the nanosized crystalline nuclei on unheated substrates was performed by controlling both the showerhead temperature and the working pressure. The Bi(3)NbO(7) (BNO) films deposited without substrate heating (real temperature of substrate surface: 50 °C) exhibit a crystalline single phase with smooth and dense morphologies, a dielectric constant of 30, a leakage current density of â¼10(-6) A cm(-2) at 0.3 MV cm(-1) and a step coverage of approximately 93% for films deposited at 100 °C on high-aspect ratio features. An NCD provides a new platform for near room temperature deposition of oxide thin films, opening the way for film deposition on polymer substrates to enable a flexible electronic device technology.
