Electrochemical aptasensor of cardiac troponin I for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is well-known as a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this work, single-stranded DNA aptamers against cTnI were identified by the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) method. The aptamer candidates exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity toward both cTnI and the cardiac Troponin complex. The binding affinities of each aptamer were evaluated based on their dissociation constants (Kd) by surface plasma resonance. The Tro4 aptamer that had the highest binding capacity to cTnI showed a very low Kd value (270 pM) compared with that of a cTnI antibody (20.8 nM). Furthermore, we designed a new electrochemical aptasensor based on square wave voltammetry using ferrocene-modified silica nanoparticles. The developed aptasensor demonstrated an excellent analytical performance for cTnI with a wide linear range of 1-10 000 pM in a buffer and a detection limit of 1.0 pM (24 pg/mL; S/N = 3), which was noticeably lower than the cutoff values (70-400 pg/mL). The specificity of the aptamers was also examined using nontarget proteins, demonstrating that the proposed sensor responded to only cTnI. In addition, cTnI was successfully detected in a human serum albumin solution. On the basis of the calibration curve that was constructed, the concentrations of cTnI in a solution supplemented with human serum were effectively measured. The calculated values correlated well with the actual concentrations of cTnI. It is anticipated that the highly sensitive and selective aptasensor for cTnI could be readily applicable for the accurate diagnosis of AMI.

Cationic surfactant-based colorimetric detection of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, a biomarker for malaria, using the specific DNA aptamer.

A simple, sensitive, and selective colorimetric biosensor for the detection of the malarial biomarkers Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase (PvLDH) and Plasmodium falciparum LDH (PfLDH) was demonstrated using the pL1 aptamer as the recognition element and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as probes. The proposed method is based on the aggregation of AuNPs using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The AuNPs exhibited a sensitive color change from red to blue, which could be seen directly with the naked eye and was monitored using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction conditions were optimized to obtain the maximum color intensity. PvLDH and PfLDH were discernible with a detection limit of 1.25 pM and 2.94 pM, respectively. The applicability of the proposed biosensor was also examined in commercially available human serum.

A colorimetric aptasensor for the diagnosis of malaria based on cationic polymers and gold nanoparticles.

Malaria, a major burden of disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we have successfully developed a diagnostic technique for malaria. The proposed method is based on the interaction among the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), which is a biomarker for malaria, and pL1 aptamer against Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase (PvLDH) and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). In addition, the cationic polymers, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), aggregate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that should be possible to observe the change in color from red to blue, which depends on the concentration of pLDH. Using this aptasensor, pLDH proteins were successfully detected with low detection limits. Moreover, the specificity test proved that the aptasenor is very specific in targeting proteins over other interfering proteins. In addition, the pLDH from infected blood samples of the two main species of malaria were also detected. The limits of detection for P. vivax were determined as 80 parasites/µl for PDDA and 74 parasites/µl for PAH. The aptasenor has great advantages that can simply and rapidly diagnose malaria. Thus, the developed aptasensor for detection of pLDH can offer an effective and sensitive diagnosis of malaria.

A highly sensitive aptasensor towards Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of malaria.

Finding a highly sensitive diagnostic technique for malaria has challenged scientists for the last century. In the present study, we identified versatile single-strand DNA aptamers for Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), a biomarker for malaria, via the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). The pLDH aptamers selectively bound to the target proteins with high sensitivity (K(d)=16.8-49.6 nM). The selected aptamers were characterized using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, a quartz crystal microbalance, a fluorescence assay, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. We also designed a simple aptasensor using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; both Plasmodium vivax LDH and Plasmodium falciparum LDH were selectively detected with a detection limit of 1 pM. Furthermore, the pLDH aptasensor clearly distinguished between malaria-positive blood samples of two major species (P. vivax and P. falciparum) and a negative control, indicating that it may be a useful tool for the diagnosis, monitoring, and surveillance of malaria.

A coordination polymer nanobelt (CPNB)-based aptasensor for sulfadimethoxine.

A polymer-based aptasensor, which consisted of fluorescein amidite (FAM)-modified aptamers and coordination polymer nanobelts (CPNBs), was developed utilizing the fluorescence quenching effect to detect sulfadimethoxine residue in food products. A single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer, which was a specific bio-probe for sulfadimethoxine (Su13; 5'-GAGGGCAACGAGTGTTTATAGA-3'), was discovered by a magnetic bead-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique, and the fluorescent quenchers CPNBs were produced by mixing AgNO(3) and 4,4'-bipyridine. This aptasensor easily and sensitively detected sulfadimethoxine in solution with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10ng/mL. Furthermore, the antibiotic dissolved in milk was also effectively detected with the same LOD value. In addition, this aptamer probe offered high specificity for sulfadimethoxine compared to other antibiotics. These valuable results provide ample evidence that the CPNB-based aptasensor can be used to quantify sulfadimethoxine residue in food products.

Aptasensor for ampicillin using gold nanoparticle based dual fluorescence-colorimetric methods.

A gold nanoparticle based dual fluorescence-colorimetric method was developed as an aptasensor to detect ampicillin using its single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer, which was discovered by a magnetic bead-based SELEX technique. The selected aptamers, AMP4 (5'-CACGGCATGGTGGGCGTCGTG-3'), AMP17 (5'-GCGGGCGGTTGTATAGCGG-3'), and AMP18 (5'-TTAGTTGGGGTTCAGTTGG-3'), were confirmed to have high sensitivity and specificity to ampicillin (K(d), AMP7 = 9.4 nM, AMP17 = 13.4 nM, and AMP18 = 9.8 nM, respectively). The 5'-fluorescein amidite (FAM)-modified aptamer was used as a dual probe for observing fluorescence differences and color changes simultaneously. The lower limits of detection for this dual method were a 2 ng/mL by fluorescence and a 10 ng/mL by colorimetry for ampicillin in the milk as well as in distilled water. Because these detection limits were below the maximum residue limit of ampicillin, this aptasensor was sensitive enough to detect antibiotics in food products, such as milk and animal tissues. In addition, this dual aptasensor will be a more accurate method for antibiotics in food products as it concurrently uses two detection methods: fluorescence and colorimetry.