Electrochemical Sensing of Monohydric Alcohols on Different Linkers Imbedded in Between Graphene and Platinum Nanoparticles.

We investigated the relationship between the linker's length and the electrooxidation of methanol and ethanol with PtNPs-decorated graphene oxide (GO). The covalently functionalized materials were prepared with three different lengths of the alkane chain as the linker molecules in between GO and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). Electrochemically reduced GO-S-(CH2)n-S-Pt [ERGO-S-(CH2)n- S-Pt, wherein n = 2, 3 and 4] was obtained via electrochemical reduction of GO-S-(CH2)1-S-Pt in PBS at pH 5. ERGO-S-(CH2)n-S-Pt was characterized by XPS and FE-SEM. The XPS result reveals that the Pt at% increased with the increasing of chain length and the surface morphology indicates the surface area increased with the increasing of linker's length. The electrochemical behavior of these modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The ERGO-S-(CH2)n-S-Pt was employed to detect methanol and ethanol; and the ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pt showed a better performance towards alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) among all ERGO-S-(CH2)n- S-Pt. The detection limit of methanol and ethanol was 1.8 x 10⁻² mM and 1.28 x 10⁻² mM, respectively, at ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pt.

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid in an Alkaline Solution with Graphene-Oxide- Supported Ag and Pd Alloy Nanoparticles.

The electrocatalytic activities of metal-decorated graphene oxide (GO) catalysts were investigated. Electrochemically reduced GO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd [ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd] and GO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg alloy [ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg] were obtained through the electrochemical reduction of GO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd and GO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg in a pH 5 PBS solution. It was demonstrated that the application of ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd and ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg used in a modified GCE improves the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. The addition of an Ag nanoparticle with a carbon chain-Pd in the electrode provides an electrode with very interesting properties for the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. The ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd and ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg were characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-Pd and ERGO-S-(CH2)4-S-PdAg can be employed for the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid. The electrochemical behaviors of this electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Electrochemical sensing of H2O2 by the modified electrode with pd nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-g-poly(lactic acid).

A simple method has adapted to prepare MWCNT grafted Poly(lactic acid) (MWCNT-g-PLA) by intercalative polymerization of poly(lactic acid) in the presence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) functionalized with hydroxyl groups. The functionalized MWCNT has obtained from the treatment of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) with MWCNT, and then the reaction with 1,4-butanediol (BD) to create functional hydroxyl groups. MWCNT-g-PLA-Pd and MWCNT-g-PLA-Pt have prepared from the MWCNT-g-PLA and metal precursors. The synthesized materials have characterized by 1H-NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The MWCNT-g-PLA-Pd is possibilities for employing to electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Electrocatalytic activities are verified from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric response in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The biosensor provided good stability and selectivity towards interferences such as UA, AA, and glucose.

Covalent hybridization of thiolated graphene sheet and platinum nanoparticles for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction.

A covalently bonded thiolated graphene sheet-supported platinum electrocatalyst (GOS-Pt) has synthesized for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in neutral media. The catalyst's structural features are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Its activity towards the ORR has investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode (RDE), and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) in 0.1 mol l(-1) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7, which is also used to assess the catalyst's kinetic parameters. On a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the catalyst shows a significant catalytic activity, with its electrocatalysis of O2 reduction occurring via four-electron transfer reduction to H2O with minimal generation of H2O2.

Poly-cobalt[tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin] nanowire and single-walled carbon nanotube for the analysis of hydrogen peroxide.

Nanowires of poly-cobalt[tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin] (PCoTAPPNW) were fabricated by electrochemical polymerization by the cyclic voltammetric method in anodic aluminum oxide membranes. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by PCoTAPPNW and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) without any binder was investigated with voltammetric methods in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. The PCoTAPPNW + SWNT/GCE exhibited strongly enhanced voltammetric and amperometric sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which shortened the response time (< 5 seconds), showed detection limit of 1.0 microM and enhanced the sensitivity for H2O2 detection with 194 microA mM(-1) cm(-2). The PCoTAPPNW + SWNT/GCE can be used to monitor H2O2 at very low concentration in physiological pH as an efficient electrochemical H2O2 sensor.

Determination of serotonin on a glassy carbon electrode modified by electropolymerization of meso-tetrakis(2-aminophenyl)porphyrin and single walled carbon nanotubes.

A chemically modified electrode [poly(TAPP)-SWNT/GCE] was prepared by electropolymerization of meso-tetrakis(2-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP)-single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This modified electrode was employed as an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of serotonin concentration and exhibited a typical enhance effect on the current response of serotonin and lower oxidation overpotential. The biosensor was very effective to determined 5-HT in a mixture. The linear response was in the range 2.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-5) M, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 [i(p)(microA) = 3.406 C (microM)+0.132] on the anodic current, with a detection limit of 1 x 10(-9) M. Due to the relatively low currents and different potentials in the electrochemical responses to ascorbic acid and dopamine, the modified electrode is a useful and effective sensing device for the selective and sensitive serotonin determination in the presence of ascorbic acid and dopamine.

Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid by Nafion and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Film Modified on Carbon Fiber Microelectrode.

Carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) modified by Nafion and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was studied by voltammetric methods in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH 7.4. The Nafion-SWNTs/CFME modified microelectrode exhibited strongly enhanced voltammetric sensitivity and selectivity towards dopamine (DA) determination in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). Nafion-SWNTs film accelerated the electron transfer reaction of DA, but Nafion film as a negatively charged polymer restrained the electrochemical response of AA. Voltammetric techniques separated the anodic peaks of DA and AA, and the interference from AA was effectively excluded from DA determination. Linear calibration plots were obtained in the DA concentration range of 10 nM - 10 µM and the detection limit of the anodic current was determined to be 5 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The study results demonstrate that DA can be determined without any interference from AA at the modified microelectrode, thereby increasing the sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility and stability.