Phase patterning of liquid crystal elastomers by laser-induced dynamic crosslinking.

Liquid crystal elastomers hold promise in various fields due to their reversible transition of mechanical and optical properties across distinct phases. However, the lack of local phase patterning techniques and irreversible phase programming has hindered their broad implementation. Here we introduce laser-induced dynamic crosslinking, which leverages the precision and control offered by laser technology to achieve high-resolution multilevel patterning and transmittance modulation. Incorporation of allyl sulfide groups enables adaptive liquid crystal elastomers that can be reconfigured into desired phases or complex patterns. Laser-induced dynamic crosslinking is compatible with existing processing methods and allows the generation of thermo- and strain-responsive patterns that include isotropic, polydomain and monodomain phases within a single liquid crystal elastomer film. We show temporary information encryption at body temperature, expanding the functionality of liquid crystal elastomer devices in wearable applications.

Strain-Insensitive Outdoor Wearable Electronics by Thermally Robust Nanofibrous Radiative Cooler.

Stable outdoor wearable electronics are gaining attention due to challenges in sustaining consistent device performance outdoors, where sunlight exposure and user movement can disrupt operations. Currently, researchers have focused on integrating radiative coolers into wearable devices for outdoor thermal management. However, these approaches often rely on heat-vulnerable thermoplastic polymers for radiative coolers and strain-susceptible conductors that are unsuitable for wearable electronics. Here, we introduce mechanically, electrically, and thermally stable wearable electronics even when they are stretched under sunlight to address these challenges. This achievement is realized by integrating a polydimethylsiloxane nanofibrous cooler and liquid metal conductors for a fully stable wearable device. The thermally robust architecture of nanofibers, based on their inherent properties as thermoset polymers, exhibits excellent cooling performance through high solar reflection and thermal emission. Additionally, laser-patterned conductors possess ideal properties for wearable electronics, including strain-insensitivity, nonsmearing behavior, and negligible contact resistance. As proof, we developed wearable electronics integrated with thermally and electromechanically stable components that accurately detect physiological signals in harsh environments, including light exposure, while stretched up to 30%. This work highlights the potential for the development of everyday wearable electronics capable of reliable operation under challenging external conditions, including user-activity-induced stress and sunlight exposure.

Controlled Crystallinity of a Sn-Doped α-Ga2O3 Epilayer Using Rapidly Annealed Double Buffer Layers.

Double buffer layers composed of (AlxGa1-x)2O3/Ga2O3 structures were employed to grow a Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 epitaxial thin film on a sapphire substrate using mist chemical vapor deposition. The insertion of double buffer layers improved the crystal quality of the upper-grown Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 thin films by blocking dislocation generated by the substrates. Rapid thermal annealing was conducted for the double buffer layers at phase transition temperatures of 700-800 °C. The slight mixing of κ and ß phases further improved the crystallinity of the grown Sn-Ga2O3 thin film through local lateral overgrowth. The electron mobility of the Sn-Ga2O3 thin films was also significantly improved due to the smoothened interface and the diffusion of Al. Therefore, rapid thermal annealing with the double buffer layer proved advantageous in achieving strong electrical properties for Ga2O3 semiconductor devices within a shorter processing time.

High Efficiency Breathable Thermoelectric Skin Using Multimode Radiative Cooling/Solar Heating Assisted Large Thermal Gradient.

This study proposes a Janus structure-based stretchable and breathable thermoelectric skin with radiative cooling (RC) and solar heating (SH) functionalities for sustainable energy harvesting. The challenge of the wearable thermoelectric generator arises from the small temperature difference. Thus, this dual-sided structure maximizes the thermal gradient between the body and the surrounding environment, unlike the previous works that rather concentrate on the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator itself. The Janus structure allows the device to switch to the other mode, optimizing electricity generation from a given weather condition. For these functionalities, for the first time, boron nitride-polydimethylsiloxane (BP) and graphene nanoplatelet-polydimethylsiloxane (GP) nanofiber (NF) are developed as substrates. The BP NF generates the RC capability of ΔTcooling  = 4 °C, and the high solar absorbance of the GP NF enables it to be photothermally heated. The flip-overable thermoelectric skin (FoTES) achieves a maximum power output (Pmax ) of 5.73 µW cm-2 in RC mode, surpassing SH mode by 5.55 µW cm-2 in the morning. In the afternoon, it generates a Pmax of 18.59 µW cm-2 in SH mode, outperforming RC mode by 15.56 µW cm-2 . This work contributes to the advancement of wearable electronics, offering a sustainable power source in a wearable form.

Tunable Radiative Cooling by Mechanochromic Electrospun Micro-Nanofiber Matrix.

Radiative thermoregulation has been regarded as an energy-efficient method for thermal management. In this study, the development of a mechanoresponsive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-nanofiber matrix capable of both sub-ambient radiative cooling and solar heating is presented, achieved through a core-shell electrospinning technique. The electrospun PDMS micro-nanofibers, with diameters comparable to the solar wavelengths, exhibit excellent solar reflectivity (≈93%) while preserving its pristine high infrared (IR) emissivity. As a result, the electrospun PDMS radiative cooler (EPRC) successfully demonstrated sub-ambient radiative cooling performance (≈3.8°C) during the daytime. Furthermore, the exceptional resilient property of PDMS facilitated the reversible alteration of the structural morphology created by the fiber-based matrix under mechanical force, resulting in the modulation of solar reflectivity (≈80%). The precise modulation of solar reflectivity enabled reversibly switchable multi-step radiative thermoregulation, offering enhanced flexibility in addressing varying thermal environments even in maintaining the desired temperature. The findings of this work offer a promising approach toward dynamic radiative thermoregulation, which holds significant potential for addressing global climate change concerns and energy shortage.

Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application.

Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.

Pattern design of a liquid metal-based wearable heater for constant heat generation under biaxial strain.

As the wearable heater is increasingly popular due to its versatile applications, there is a growing need to improve the tensile stability of the wearable heater. However, maintaining the stability and precise control of heating in resistive heaters for wearable electronics remains challenging due to multiaxial dynamic deformation with human motion. Here, we propose a pattern study for a circuit control system without complex structure or deep learning of the liquid metal (LM)-based wearable heater. The LM direct ink writing (DIW) method was used to fabricate the wearable heaters in various designs. Through the study about the pattern, the significance of input power per unit area for steady average temperature with tension was proven, and the directionality of the pattern was shown to be a factor that makes feedback control difficult due to the difference in resistance change according to strain direction. For this issue, a wearable heater with the same minimal resistance change regardless of the tension direction was developed using Peano curves and sinuous pattern structure. Lastly, by attaching to a human body model, the wearable heater with the circuit control system shows stable heating (52.64°C, with a standard deviation of 0.91°C) in actual motion.

CD4+ cytotoxic T cells: an emerging effector arm of anti-tumor immunity.

While CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have long been considered the primary effector in controlling tumors, the involvement of CD4+ "helper" T cells in anti-tumor immunity has been underappreciated. The investigations of intra-tumoral T cells, fueled by the recent advances in genomic technologies, have led to a rethinking of the indirect role of CD4+ T cells that have traditionally been described as a "helper". Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that CD4+ T cells can acquire intrinsic cytotoxic properties and directly kill various types of tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-dependent manner, as opposed to the indirect "helper" function, thus underscoring a potentially critical contribution of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells to immune responses against a wide range of tumor types. Here, we discuss the biological properties of anti-tumor CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic capability and highlight the emerging observations suggesting their more significant role in anti-tumor immunity than previously appreciated. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(3): 140-144].

Microstructural Gradational Properties of Sn-Doped Gallium Oxide Heteroepitaxial Layers Grown Using Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition.

This study examined the microstructural gradation in Sn-doped, n-type Ga2O3 epitaxial layers grown on a two-inch sapphire substrate using horizontal hot-wall mist chemical vapor deposition (mist CVD). The results revealed that, compared to a single Ga2O3 layer grown using a conventional single-step growth, the double Ga2O3 layers grown using a two-step growth process exhibited excellent thickness uniformity, surface roughness, and crystal quality. In addition, the spatial gradient of carrier concentration in the upper layer of the double layers was significantly affected by the mist flow velocity at the surface, regardless of the dopant concentration distribution of the underlying layer. Furthermore, the electrical properties of the single Ga2O3 layer could be attributed to various scattering mechanisms, whereas the carrier mobility of the double Ga2O3 layers could be attributed to Coulomb scattering owing to the heavily doped condition. It strongly suggests the two-step-grown, lightly-Sn-doped Ga2O3 layer is feasible for high power electronic devices.

Dynamic Pore Modulation of Stretchable Electrospun Nanofiber Filter for Adaptive Machine Learned Respiratory Protection.

The recent emergence of highly contagious respiratory disease and the underlying issues of worldwide air pollution jointly heighten the importance of the personal respirator. However, the incongruence between the dynamic environment and nonadaptive respirators imposes physiological and psychological adverse effects, which hinder the public dissemination of respirators. To address this issue, we introduce adaptive respiratory protection based on a dynamic air filter (DAF) driven by machine learning (ML) algorithms. The stretchable elastomer fiber membrane of the DAF affords immediate adjustment of filtration characteristics through active rescaling of the micropores by simple pneumatic control, enabling seamless and constructive transition of filtration characteristics. The resultant DAF-respirator (DAF-R), made possible by ML algorithms, successfully demonstrates real-time predictive adapting maneuvers, enabling personalizable and continuously optimized respiratory protection under changing circumstances.

A Useful MRI Classification for Symptomatic Discoid Lateral Meniscus.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to classify the discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) according to the signal and shape in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to provide information not only in diagnosis but also in treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 162 cases who diagnosed with DLM by MRI and underwent arthroscopic procedures from April 2010 to March 2018. Three observers reviewed MRI findings of all cases and predicted arthroscopic tear using three MRI criteria (criterion 1,2 and 3). Among three criteria, the criterion that most accurately predicts arthroscopic tear was selected. Using this criterion, the cases of predicted tear were named group 1. In addition, group 1 was divided into three subgroups (group 1a, 1b and 1c) by deformation or displacement on MRI and arthroscopic type of tear and procedures were analyzed according to these subgroups. RESULTS: The intra-meniscal signal change itself (criterion 3) on MRI showed the highest agreement with the arthroscopic tear. No meniscal deformation and displacement on MRI (group 1a) showed no specific type of tear and more cases of meniscal saucerization. The meniscal deformation on MRI (group 1b) showed more simple horizontal tears and more cases of meniscal saucerization. The meniscal displacement on MRI (group 1c) showed more peripheral tears and more cases of meniscal repair and subtotal meniscectomy. Comparing arthroscopic type of tear and type of arthroscopic procedure between three subgroups, there were significant differences in three groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Intra-meniscal signal change itself on MRI is the most accurate finding to predict arthroscopic tear in symptomatic DLM. In addition, subgroup analysis by deformation or displacement on MRI is helpful to predict the type of arthroscopic tear and procedures.

Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis.

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

Gaze Behavior Effect on Gaze Data Visualization at Different Abstraction Levels.

Many gaze data visualization techniques intuitively show eye movement together with visual stimuli. The eye tracker records a large number of eye movements within a short period. Therefore, visualizing raw gaze data with the visual stimulus appears complicated and obscured, making it difficult to gain insight through visualization. To avoid the complication, we often employ fixation identification algorithms for more abstract visualizations. In the past, many scientists have focused on gaze data abstraction with the attention map and analyzed detail gaze movement patterns with the scanpath visualization. Abstract eye movement patterns change dramatically depending on fixation identification algorithms in the preprocessing. However, it is difficult to find out how fixation identification algorithms affect gaze movement pattern visualizations. Additionally, scientists often spend much time on adjusting parameters manually in the fixation identification algorithms. In this paper, we propose a gaze behavior-based data processing method for abstract gaze data visualization. The proposed method classifies raw gaze data using machine learning models for image classification, such as CNN, AlexNet, and LeNet. Additionally, we compare the velocity-based identification (I-VT), dispersion-based identification (I-DT), density-based fixation identification, velocity and dispersion-based (I-VDT), and machine learning based and behavior-based modelson various visualizations at each abstraction level, such as attention map, scanpath, and abstract gaze movement visualization.

Recent advances in liquid-metal-based wearable electronics and materials.

Soft wearable electronics are rapidly developing through exploration of new materials, fabrication approaches, and design concepts. Although there have been many efforts for decades, a resurgence of interest in liquid metals (LMs) for sensing and wiring functional properties of materials in soft wearable electronics has brought great advances in wearable electronics and materials. Various forms of LMs enable many routes to fabricate flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, and functional wearables with many desirable properties. This review article presents a systematic overview of recent progresses in LM-enabled wearable electronics that have been achieved through material innovations and the discovery of new fabrication approaches and design architectures. We also present applications of wearable LM technologies for physiological sensing, activity tracking, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for wearable LM electronics as this field continues to grow.

A New Fracture Detection Algorithm of Low Amplitude Acoustic Emission Signal Based on Kalman Filter-Ripple Voltage.

In this study, an acoustic emission (AE) sensor was utilized to predict fractures that occur in a product during the sheet metal forming process. An AE activity was analyzed, presuming that AE occurs when plastic deformation and fracturing of metallic materials occur. For the analysis, a threshold voltage is set to distinguish the AE signal from the ripple voltage signal and noise. If the amplitude of the AE signal is small, it is difficult to distinguish the AE signal from the ripple voltage signal and the noise signal. Hence, there is a limitation in predicting fractures using the AE sensor. To overcome this limitation, the Kalman filter was used in this study to remove the ripple voltage signal and noise signal and then analyze the activity. However, it was difficult to filter out the ripple voltage signal using a conventional low-pass filter or Kalman filter because the ripple voltage signal is a high-frequency component governed by the switch-mode of the power supply. Therefore, a Kalman filter that has a low Kalman gain was designed to extract only the ripple voltage signal. Based on the KF-RV algorithm, the measured ripple voltage and noise signal were reduced by 97.3% on average. Subsequently, the AE signal was extracted appropriately using the difference between the measured value and the extracted ripple voltage signal. The activity of the extracted AE signal was analyzed using the ring-down count among various AE parameters to determine if there was a fracture in the test specimen.

Toward Large-Scale Ga2O3 Membranes via Quasi-Van Der Waals Epitaxy on Epitaxial Graphene Layers.

Epitaxial growth using graphene (GR), weakly bonded by van der Waals force, is a subject of interest for fabricating technologically important semiconductor membranes. Such membranes can potentially offer effective cooling and dimensional scale-down for high voltage power devices and deep ultraviolet optoelectronics at a fraction of the bulk-device cost. Here, we report on a large-area ß-Ga2O3 nanomembrane spontaneous-exfoliation (1 cm × 1 cm) from layers of compressive-strained epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on SiC, and demonstrated high-responsivity flexible solar-blind photodetectors. The EG was favorably influenced by lattice arrangement of SiC, and thus enabled ß-Ga2O3 direct-epitaxy on the EG. The ß-Ga2O3 layer was spontaneously exfoliated at the interface of GR owing to its low interfacial toughness by controlling the energy release rate through electroplated Ni layers. The use of GR templates contributes to the seamless exfoliation of the nanomembranes, and the technique is relevant to eventual nanomembrane-based integrated device technology.

Monolithic digital patterning of polydimethylsiloxane with successive laser pyrolysis.

The patterning of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into complex two-dimensional (2D) or 3D shapes is a crucial step for diverse applications based on soft lithography. Nevertheless, mould replication that incorporates time-consuming and costly photolithography processes still remains the dominant technology in the field. Here we developed monolithic quasi-3D digital patterning of PDMS using laser pyrolysis. In contrast with conventional burning or laser ablation of transparent PDMS, which yields poor surface properties, our successive laser pyrolysis technique converts PDMS into easily removable silicon carbide via consecutive photothermal pyrolysis guided by a continuous-wave laser. We obtained high-quality 2D or 3D PDMS structures with complex patterning starting from a PDMS monolith in a remarkably low prototyping time (less than one hour). Moreover, we developed distinct microfluidic devices with elaborated channel architectures and a customizable organ-on-a-chip device using this approach, which showcases the potential of the successive laser pyrolysis technique for the fabrication of devices for several technological applications.

Improvement of SiC Crystal Growth Rate and Uniformity via Top-Seeded Solution Growth under External Static Magnetic Field: A Numerical Investigation.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is an ideal material for highpower and highperformance electronic applications. Topseeded solution growth (TSSG) is considered as a potential method for bulk growth of highquality SiC single crystals from the liquid phase source material. The crystal growth performance, such as growth rate and uniformity, is driven by the fluid flow and constitutional flux in the solution. In this study, we numerically investigate the contribution of the external static magnetic field generated by Helmholtz coils to the fluid flow in the silicon melt. Depending on the setup of the Helmholtz coils, four static magnetic field distributions are available, namely, uniform vertical upward/downward and vertical/horizontal cusp. Based on the calculated carbon flux coming to the crystal surface, the vertical downward magnetic field proved its ability to enhance the growth rate as well as the uniformity of the grown crystal.

The Effect of Co-Doping at the A-Site on the Structure and Oxide Ion Conductivity in (Ba0.5-xSrx)La0.5InO3-δ: A Molecular Dynamics Study.

A molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the structural and transport properties of a (Ba0.5-xSrx)La0.5InO3-δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) oxygen ion conductor. Previous studies reported that the ionic conductivity of Ba-doped LaInO3 decreases because Ba dopant forms a narrow oxygen path in the lattice, which could hinder the diffusion of oxygen ions. In this study, we reveal the mechanism to improve ionic conductivity by Ba and Sr co-doping on an La site in LaInO3 perovskite oxide. The results show that the ionic conductivity of (Ba0.5-xSrx)La0.5InO3-δ increases with an increasing number of Sr ions because oxygen diffusion paths which contain Sr ions have a larger critical radius than those containing Ba ions. The radial distribution function (RDF) calculations show that the peak heights in compositions including Sr ions were lower and broadened, meaning that the oxygen ions moved easily into other oxygen sites.

Hypersensitive electrochemical immunoassays based on highly N-doped silicon carbide (SiC) electrode.

Highly N-doped SiC was presented as an optimal electrode for electrochemical immunoassays with a far higher sensitivity than chemiluminescence detection. As the first step, the electrochemical properties of highly N-doped SiC, such as the double-layer capacitance (Cdl), rate constant for electron transfer (kapp) and ideal polarizable potential range (electrochemical window) were analyzed and compared with those of Au, Pt, and graphite electrodes. The highly N-doped SiC electrode was used for the quantification of oxidized 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) which was widely used as chromogenic substrate for commercialized immunoassay kits. In order to enhance the sensitivity for the quantification of the oxidized TMB the chronoamperometry was applied to avoid the background current of i-V measurement. Finally, the chronoamperometry based on the highly N-doped SiC electrode was applied to commercial immunoassay kits for the medical diagnosis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the human hepatitis B surface antigen (hHBsAg). The chronoamperometric measurement based on the highly N-doped SiC electrode was proved to detect at far lower limits in comparison with the conventional optical density measurement as well as the chemiluminescence assay based on luminol as a chemiluminescent probe.