ABSTRACT
The use of willow plantations can be a sustainable approach for treating primary municipal wastewater, potentially reducing both the environmental and economic burdens associated with conventional treatment. However, the impact of wastewater irrigation upon the willow biorefinery potential has not yet been established. To investigate this effect, three-year-old field grown willows were harvested from plots kept as either controls or irrigated with primary municipal wastewater effluent at 29.5 million L ha-1 yr-1. Biomass compositional analysis, ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification were assessed and differential abundance of persistent extractable phytochemicals was evaluated using untargeted metabolite profiling. Glucan significantly increased by 8% in wastewater treated trees, arabinose and galactose were significantly decreased by 8 and 29%, respectively, while xylose, mannose and lignin content were unaltered. Ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification efficiencies did not vary significantly, releasing >95% of the cell wall glucose and recovering 35% of the lignin. From a total of 213 phytochemical features, 83 were significantly depleted and 14 were significantly enriched due to wastewater irrigation, including flavonoids and lignan derivatives. Considered alongside increased biomass yield from wastewater irrigation (+200%), lignocellulosic bioenergy yields increased to 8.87 t glucose ha-1 yr-1 and 1.89 t ha-1 yr-1 recovered lignin, while net extractives yields increased to 1.48 t ha-1 yr-1, including phytochemicals of interest. The maintenance of glucose accessibility after low-cost ionic liquid pretreatment is promising evidence that sustainable lignocellulose bioenergy production can complement wastewater treatment. Untargeted metabolite assessment revealed some of the phytochemical toolkit employed by wastewater irrigated willows, including accumulation of flooding and salinity tolerance associated flavonoids glabraoside A and glabrene. The extractable phytochemicals underpin a novel high biomass phenotype in willow and, alongside lignocellulosic yields, could help enhance the economic feasibility of this clean wastewater treatment biotechnology through integration with sustainable biorefinery.
Subject(s)
Ionic Liquids , Salix , Water Purification , Biomass , WastewaterABSTRACT
Municipal wastewater treatment using willow 'phyto'-filtration has the potential for reduced environmental impact compared to conventional treatment practices. However, the physiological adaptations underpinning tolerance to high wastewater irrigation in willow are unknown. A one-hectare phytofiltration plantation established using the Salix miyabeana cultivar 'SX67' in Saint-Roch-de-l'Achigan, Quebec, Canada, tested the impact of unirrigated, potable water or two loads of primary effluent wastewater 19 and 30 ML ha-1â¯yr-1. A nitrogen load of 817â¯kgâ¯Nâ¯ha-1 from wastewater did not increase soil pore water nitrogen concentrations beyond Quebec drinking water standards. The willow phytofiltration phenotype had increased leaf area (+106-142%) and leaf nitrogen (+94%) which were accompanied by significant increases in chlorophyll aâ¯+â¯b content. Wastewater irrigated trees had higher stomatal sizes and a higher stomatal pore index, despite lower stomatal density, resulting in increased stomatal conductance (+42-78%). These developmental responses led to substantial increases in biomass yields of 56-207% and potable water controls revealed the nitrogen load to be necessary for the high productivity of 28-40â¯tâ¯ha-1â¯yr-1 in wastewater irrigated trees. Collectively, this study suggests phytofiltration plantations could treat primary effluent municipal wastewater at volumes of at least 19 million litres per hectare and benefit from increased yields of sustainable biomass over a two-year coppice cycle. Added-value cultivation practices, such as phytofiltration, have the potential to mitigate negative local and global environmental impact of wastewater treatment while providing valuable services and sustainable bioproducts.
Subject(s)
Salix , Biomass , Canada , Chlorophyll A , Plant Leaves , Quebec , WastewaterSubject(s)
Appendix , Mucocele/pathology , Aged , Cecal Diseases/complications , Cecal Diseases/pathology , Cecal Diseases/surgery , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mucocele/complications , Mucocele/surgeryABSTRACT
Paraganglioma is rare neoplasm. The authors report two new cases. The first case was a 36 year-old woman who presented with post-micturitional episodes of hypertension. Radiologic and endoscopic investigations showed a left submucosal bladder neck tumor. A partial cystectomy was performed under neuroleptanalgesia. The postoperative course was uneventful is simple. The second case was a 61 year-old woman who presented with a non secreting para-aortic paraganglioma.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Choristoma/diagnostic imaging , Pheochromocytoma/diagnostic imaging , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Choristoma/pathology , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pheochromocytoma/pathology , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Ultrasonography , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , UrographyABSTRACT
The authors report a case of giant gastric schwannoma with dominating extra-gastric development and a cystic component simulating a pancreatic pseudo-cyst on ultrasound and computed tomography examination, the diagnosis was made only at surgery that consisted in total gastrectomy. The rarity of these tumors, their diagnostic difficulties and the particularities of their surgical treatment are outlined.
Subject(s)
Neurilemmoma , Pancreatic Cyst , Pancreatic Pseudocyst , Stomach Neoplasms , Aged , Cysts/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Neurilemmoma/pathology , Pancreatic Cyst/pathology , Pancreatic Pseudocyst/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/pathologySubject(s)
Echinococcosis , Splenic Diseases/parasitology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/surgery , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Splenic Diseases/epidemiology , Splenic Diseases/surgery , TunisiaSubject(s)
Cecal Diseases/complications , Peritonitis/etiology , Stomach Diseases/complications , Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/complications , Cecal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cecal Diseases/surgery , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Peritonitis/diagnostic imaging , Peritonitis/surgery , Radiography , Stomach Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Stomach Diseases/surgery , Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/diagnostic imaging , Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/surgerySubject(s)
Spleen/injuries , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cysts/surgery , Humans , Hypersplenism/surgery , Iatrogenic Disease , Middle Aged , Spleen/surgery , Splenectomy , Splenic Diseases/surgerySubject(s)
Bile Ducts/anatomy & histology , Bile Ducts/abnormalities , Bile Ducts/surgery , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/anatomy & histology , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery , Common Bile Duct/abnormalities , Common Bile Duct/anatomy & histology , Common Bile Duct/surgery , Humans , Intraoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
Hydatid cyst of psoas muscle is scare, we report one case which had a non specific ultrasonography appearance. Before surgery it was thought to be a retroperitoneal inflammatory collection.