ABSTRACT
Triamcinolone acetonide has been effectively used in ocular therapeutics for over 50 years. Its use has increased dramatically in recent years for periocular and intraocular treatment of retinal vasculature disease and uveitis. This comprehensive review discusses the pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide and summarizes its uses in a number of diseases, both intraocular and extraocular. It discusses side effects and their management. Finally, it discusses the controversy over its use.
Subject(s)
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Triamcinolone Acetonide/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Glucocorticoids/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Keratoconjunctivitis/drug therapy , Macular Edema/drug therapy , Retinal Diseases/drug therapy , Triamcinolone Acetonide/adverse effects , Triamcinolone Acetonide/pharmacokinetics , Uveitis/drug therapyABSTRACT
A map has been assembled that extends from the XY homology region in Xq21.3 to proximal Xq24, approximately 20 Mb, formatted with 200 STSs that include 25 dinucleotide repeat polymorphic markers and more than 80 expressed sequences including 30 genes. New genes HTRP5, CAPN6, STPK, 14-3-3PKR, and CALM1 and previously known genes including BTK, DDP, GLA, PLP, COL4A5, COL4A6, PAK3, and DCX are localized; candidate loci for other disorders for which genes have not yet been identified, including DFN-2, POF, megalocornea, and syndromic and nonsyndromic mental retardation, are also mapped in the region. The telomeric end of the contig overlaps a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig from Xq24-q26 and with other previously published contigs provides complete sequence-tagged site (STS)/YAC-based coverage of the long arm of the X chromosome. The order of published landmark loci in genetic and radiation hybrid maps is in general agreement. Combined with high-density STS landmarks, the multiple YAC clone coverage and integrated genetic, radiation hybrid, and transcript map provide resources to further disease gene searches and sequencing.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping/methods , Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast , Physical Chromosome Mapping , Sequence Tagged Sites , X Chromosome , DNA Primers , Databases, Factual , Expressed Sequence Tags , Genetic Markers , HumansABSTRACT
A 2Mb contig was constructed of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), extending from DXS6849 to a new marker EC7034R, 1Mb distal to UBE1, within the p11.3 region of the human X chromosome. This contig, which has on average four-fold cloned coverage, was assembled using 37 markers, including 13 new sequence tagged sites (STSs) developed from YAC and PAC end-fragments, for an average inter-marker distance of 55kb. The inferred marker order predicted from SEGMAP analysis, STS content and cell hybrid data is Xpter-EC7034R-EC8058R-FB20E11-DXS7804-D XS8308-(DXS1264, DXS1055)-DXS1003-UBE1-(UHX), PCTK1)-DXS1364-DXS1266-DXS337-SYN1-DXS6 849-cen. One (TC)n dinucleotide sequence from an end-clone was identified and found to be polymorphic (48% heterozygosity). The contig is merged with published physical maps both in the distal and in the centromeric direction of Xp, and provides reagents to aid in the DNA sequencing and the finding of genes in this region of the human genome.
Subject(s)
Contig Mapping/methods , X Chromosome , Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast , Dinucleotide Repeats , Genes, Overlapping , Genetic Markers , Humans , Sequence Tagged SitesABSTRACT
The 15
Subject(s)
Muscular Dystrophies/genetics , X Chromosome , Base Sequence , Chromosome Mapping , Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast , DNA Primers , Dinucleotide Repeats , Genetic Markers , Genetic Variation , Genome, Human , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Tagged Sites , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
A YAC/STS map has been assembled spanning 22 Mb across Xq12-q21.31, between markers DXS1125 and DXS95. In addition to the landmark loci for the X-inactivation center XIST and the ATRX, ATP7A, phosphoglycerate kinase, POU3F4, and choroideremia genes, the candidate disease gene regions for torsion dystonia 3 and two X-linked mental retardation syndromes are included. Also, the human voltage-dependent anion channel gene (HVDAC1) has been placed near DXS986. The current map incorporates 211 YACs from five different libraries, formatted with 185 STSs that comprise 26 genetic linkage markers, 60 newly-developed YAC-end STSs, and eight ESTs. The multiple clone coverage and average resolution of one STS per 120 kb provide resources for disease gene searches and are facilitating complete sequencing of the region.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping/methods , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics , X Chromosome , Base Sequence , Centromere , Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast , DNA Primers , Gene Library , Genetic Linkage , Genetic Markers , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , TelomereABSTRACT
A YAC/STS map of the X chromosome has reached an inter-STS resolution of 75 kb. The map density is sufficient to provide YACs or other large-insert clones that are cross-validated as sequencing substrates across the chromosome. Marker density also permits estimates of regional gene content and a detailed comparison of genetic and physical map distances. Five regions are detected with relatively high G + C, correlated with gene richness; and a 17-Mb region with very low recombination is revealed between the Xq13.3 [XIST] and Xq21.3 XY homology loci.