[Assessment of the incidence of dry eye syndrome symptoms in Military Police soldiers serving outside the country]. / Ocena czestosci wystepowania objawów zespolu suchego oka u zolnierzy Zandarmerii Wojskowej pelniacych sluzbe poza granicami kraju.

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is caused by insufficient tear production, excessive evaporation or tear film instability. It causes damage to the anterior surface of the eye in the form of dry conjunctivitis and even visual disturbances. In recent years, awareness has increased that DES is a significant medical problem and its symptoms are a common cause of discomfort reported by patients. AIM: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the impact of environmental factors in the area of duty outside the country on the state of the anterior surface of the eye in soldiers of the Military Police. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 63 soldiers who served outside the country, the control group consisted of 50 soldiers who have never been on foreign missions All soldiers filled out the questionnaire regarding the most common symptoms while on duty. Soldiers who scored 9 points in the survey were tested in a slit lamp using fluorescein sodium with tear break up time (TBUT). IBM SPSS Statistics statistical program was used for the purpose of statistical analysis. The authors organized the results, added them up, calculated arithmetic mean values and made tabular presentation. RESULTS: In the group of soldiers serving abroad, an increased frequency of reporting symptoms such as photophobia, feeling of sand under the eyelids, congestion of the conjunctivae has been shown. There was a positive correlation between the number of foreign missions and the intensity of the reported symptoms. Among the soldiers serving in Afghanistan and Iraq, a higher total score was achieved. In soldiers serving in Afghanistan and Iraq, mild symptoms of DES were found in 46.4% and 25.0%, moderate in 21.4% and 25.0%, heavy in 3.6% and 8.3% respectively. On the other hand, in soldiers serving in Kosovo, mild DES symptoms were observed in 16,7% and moderate in 2,8% and heavy in 2,8% of respondents. In the fracture lamella study using fluorescein, 6 soldiers had abnormal tear film break time (less than 10 seconds). CONCLUSIONS: In the group of soldiers an increased frequency of DES symptoms was found, which can be associated with the impact of environmental conditions - strong wind, hot and dry air. Due to the increased frequency of DES symptoms during missions it seems reasonable to supplement the issued preventive and therapeutic kits with eye moisturizing drops, in order to prevent DES and ensure proper hydration of the eyeballs.

Antoni Rosner, the first associate professor of dermatology and venereology in Poland.

The article presents an outline of the development of world and Polish dermatology. The author points out to the first descriptions of skin diseases by ancient and medieval medical luminaries. The outline of the Polish dermatology is based on examples of doctors living in the 16(th) and 17(th) centuries. The first clinics of skin and venereal diseases in Poland appeared, like in other European countries, in the second half of the 19(th) century. Antoni Rosner, the first associate professor of clinical studies, greatly contributed to the development of this medical field. The description of his life and work is the background for the presentation of opening and developing the clinic of skin and venereal diseases in Krakow as well as the presentation of university curriculum at the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University.

[Diseases and death of Joseph Pilsudski]. / Choroby i smierc Józefa Pilsudskiego.

Marshal Joseph Pilsudski did not belong to individuals who cared for their health. He avoided physicians and treatment. He appreciated only legion physicians such as Gen. Dr Stanislaw Ruppert, Col. Dr Marcin Wroczynski and Col. DrAndrzej Mozolowki. Joseph Pilsudski was a heavy smoker and suffered from pulmonary emphysema for many years. In 1933 he caught a severe flu accompanied by some hepatic ailments and began losing his weight. In 1935, his liver became enlarged. He started vomiting and was very weak. All consultations were ineffective. He died from primary carcinoma of bile ducts on 12 May, 1935.

[History of antibiotics and sulphonamides discoveries]. / Historia odkrycia antybiotyków i sulfonamidów.

In the 19th century, the effect of mould on bacterial colonies was investigated. In 1921, Alexander Fleming examined systemic fluids and observed some substances called lyzosomes which were capable of dissolving bacteria. In 1928, he discovered that a specific mould species inhibited the development of Staphylococcus bacteria. The species was known as Pencillium notatum and the filtrate was called penicillin. In 1940, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain worked out the industrial production of penicillin. All three researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, and since then the era of antibiotics has been initiated. In 1935, Gerhard Domagk discovered the first sulphonamide--prontosil rubrum. Four years later he received the Noble Prize.