Importância das orientações em saúde para o desenvolvimento infantil e o aleitamento materno no primeiro ano de vida / The importance of health guidelines for child development and breastfeeding in the first year of life

Objetivo: determinar o efeito das orientações em saúde para o desenvolvimento infantil e aleitamento materno no primeiro ano de vida. Método: estudo longitudinal (n=45 crianças), sendo 31 pertencentes ao grupo não exposto e 14 ao exposto, sendo este último acompanhado com visitas domiciliares mensais do nascimento ao 12º mês de vida, recebendo informações sobre saúde materno-infantil. Foi utilizado o Teste de Triagem Denver II para acompanhamento do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e um questionário para avaliação das variáveis do estudo. Resultados: 64,3% do grupo exposto e 45,2% do não exposto foram amamentados até o primeiro ano de vida, sem diferenças significantes. Quanto à transição alimentar, a única relevância estatística foi a introdução de alimentos sólidos, ocorrendo em período adequado para o exposto e antecipado para o não exposto. Houve introdução precoce de líquidos e pastosos para ambos os grupos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, houve maior número de sujeitos além do esperado para a idade e tendência de melhor coordenação motora fina no grupo exposto (sem diferenças estatísticas). Conclusão: as orientações evidenciaram que intervenções em saúde na primeira infância, mesmo para grupos que não são de risco, proporcionam oportunidades para um desenvolvimento pleno

Objective: to determine the effect of health guidelines on child development and breastfeeding in the first year of life. Method: a longitudinal study (n = 45 children), 31 belonging to the unexposed group, and 14 to the exposed group, the latter being accompanied with monthly home visits from birth to the 12th month of life, collecting information on maternal and child health. The Denver II Screening Test was used to monitor neuropsychomotor development and a questionnaire to assess the study variables. Results: 64.3% of the exposed group and 45.2% of the unexposed group were breastfed until the first year of life, with no significant differences. As for the food transition, the only statistical relevance was the introduction of solid foods, occurring in an appropriate period for the exposed group and anticipated for the unexposed group. There was an early introduction of liquids and pasty foods for both groups. As for neuropsychomotor development, there was a greater number of subjects than expected for age and a trend towards better fine motor coordination in the exposed group (without statistical differences). Conclusion: the guidelines showed that health interventions in early childhood, even for groups that are not at risk, provide opportunities for full development.

Refeeding abolishes beneficial effects of severe calorie restriction from birth on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis of adult rats.

OBJECTIVES: Calorie restriction (CR) is an important intervention for reducing adiposity and improving glucose homeostasis. Recently we found that in rats, a severe calorie restriction (SCR) beginning at birth up to adult age promotes positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors and heart. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of this new model of SCR on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis of rats and to evaluate the effects of refeeding. METHODS: From birth to 90 d of age, rats were divided into an ad libitum (AL) group, which had free access to food, and a CR50 group, which had food limited to 50% of that consumed by the AL group. From this moment, half of the CR50 animals had free access to food (the refeeding group [CR50-R]), and the other half continued 50% restricted for an additional 90-d period. Food intake was assessed daily and body weight weekly. In the final week of the SCR/refeeding protocol, oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed. Thereafter, rats were sacrificed and visceral fat was collected and used for histologic and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Findings from this study revealed that SCR beginning at birth and up to adult life promoted a large decrease in visceral adiposity; improvement in glucose/insulin tolerance; and upregulation of adipose proliferating cell nuclear antigen, sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and adiponectin. Refeeding abolished all of these effects. SCR from birth to adult age promoted beneficial effects on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis; whereas refeeding abolished these effects.