ABSTRACT
A design method and corresponding fabrication procedures are proposed for a dual frusto-conical reflector of a downlight luminaire. The profile of the dual frusto-conical reflector consists of two flat-slant reflective surfaces with slightly different slopes. The optimum dual frusto-conical reflector can be obtained with the proposed design method. The finished product of the dual frusto-conical reflector is fabricated by a 3D printer and followed by surface polishing and reflection paint spraying. The measurement results show that luminaires exhibited 70% optimum illuminance confined within an illumination area of 1.8m2, and the optimum illumination intensity is at 252 lux. The optimum efficiency of the proposed luminaire can reach 158 lm/W for normal-white light-emitting diode (LED) and 119 lm/W for warm-white LED, respectively.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the hospitalized children with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Yantai area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Epidemiological and clinical data of HFMD children from 2009 to 2010 were summarized and analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Most of the infected (94.6%) were under 5 years old and the ratio between male and female was 1.5: 1. Oral mucosal pox or ulcer as well as hand and foot rashes were observed in all 931 patients. Fever and neurological disorders occurred in 840 (90.2%) and 121 (13.0%) patients respectively. The incidence was positively correlated with air temperature (r = 0.887, P < 0.001), with a peak in April to September (88.9%). The ratio of children from countryside, total duration of fever, serum concentration of c-reacting protein (CRP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were significantly higher in severe cases than in those mild ones. Multivariate analysis showed longer mean duration of fever( Odds ratio [OR], 1.491; 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.170-1.901; P = 0.001) and hyperglycemia (OR, 1.124; 95% CI 1.016-1.245; P = 0.024) were independent risk factors of severity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Children younger than 5 years old are susceptible to HFMD and most cases occur in April to September. The monthly incidence is positively correlated with temperature of that month. Longer duration of fever and hyperglycemia are independent risk factors for severity. Most cases could have a favorable prognosis after timely diagnosis and proper intervention.</p>
