Rosmarinic acid liposomes suppress ferroptosis in ischemic brain via inhibition of TfR1 in BMECs.

BACKGROUND: Iron deposition and ferroptosis are involved in ischemic stroke injury, but the choice of drugs for treatment is limited. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Rosmarinic acid (RosA) encapsulated within nanoliposomes (RosA-LIP) on ischemic stroke. METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and TfR1EC cKO (specific knockout of the TfR1 gene in BMECs) mice used to establish a dMCAO model, with simultaneous administration of RosA-LIP (20 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or RosA (20 mg/kg/d, i.p.). RESULTS: The successful synthesis of RosA-LIP resulted in enhanced stability and precise delivery in both the serum and brain. The administration of RosA-LIP effectively mitigated ischemia-induced behavioral abnormalities and pathological damage. RosA-LIP inhibited ferroptosis by ameliorating mitochondrial abnormalities, increasing GPX4 levels, and decreasing ACSL4/LPCAT3/Lox-dependent lipid peroxidation. RosA-LIP effectively improved blood‒brain barrier (BBB) permeability, increased tight junctions (TJs) protein expression and reduced iron levels in ischemic tissue and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) by modulating FPN1 and TfR1 levels. Furthermore, RosA-LIP suppressed TfR1 to attenuate ACSL4/LPCAT3/Lox-mediated ferroptosis in TfR1EC cKO mice subjected to dMCAO. CONCLUSION: RosA-LIP effectively increased the brain level of RosA and protected against ferroptosis through the regulation of TfR1 in BMECs.

Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of FPN1 diminishes cardiac hypertrophy induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia.

The significance of iron in myocardial mitochondria function cannot be underestimated, because deviations in iron levels within cardiomyocytes may have profound detrimental effects on cardiac function. In this study, we investigated the effects of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) on cardiac iron levels and pathological alterations in mice subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The cTNT-FPN1 plasmid was administered via tail vein injection to induce the mouse with FPN1 overexpression in the cardiomyocytes. CIH was established by exposing the mice to cycles of 21%-5% FiO2 for 3 min, 8 h per day. Subsequently, the introduction of hepcidin resulted in a reduction in FPN1 expression, and H9C2 cells were used to establish an IH model to further elucidate the role of FPN1. First, FPN1 overexpression ameliorated CIH-induced cardiac dysfunction, myocardial hypertrophy, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Second, FPN1 overexpression attenuated ROS levels during CIH. In addition, FPN1 overexpression mitigated CIH-induced cardiac iron accumulation. Moreover, the administration of hepcidin resulted in a reduction in FPN1 levels, further accelerating the CIH-induced levels of ROS, LIP and apoptosis in H9C2 cells. These findings indicate that the overexpression of FPN1 in cardiomyocytes inhibits CIH-induced cardiac iron accumulation, subsequently reducing ROS levels and mitigating mitochondrial damage. Conversely, the administration of hepcidin suppressed FPN1 expression and worsened cardiomyocyte iron toxicity injury.

Rosmarinic Acid Liposomes Downregulate Hepcidin Expression via BMP6-SMAD1/5/8 Pathway in Mice with Iron Overload.

The objective of this study is to examine the potential protective effect of rosmarinic acid (RosA) encapsulated within nanoliposomes (RosA-LIP) on hepatic damage induced by iron overload. The characteristics, stability, and release of RosA-LIP in vitro were identified. The mice were randomly assigned to five groups: Control, Model, Model+DFO (DFO), Model+RosA (RosA), and Model+RosA-LIP (RosA-LIP). The iron overload model was induced by administering iron dextran (i.p.). The DFO, RosA, and RosA-LIP groups received iron dextran and were subsequently treated with DFO, RosA, and RosA-LIP for 14 days. We developed a novel formulation of RosA-LIP that exhibited stability and controlled release properties. Firstly, RosA-LIP improved liver function and ameliorated pathological changes in a mouse model of iron overload. Secondly, RosA-LIP demonstrated the ability to enhance the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT, while reducing the levels of MDA and 4-HNE, thereby effectively mitigating oxidative stress damage induced by iron overload. Thirdly, RosA-LIP reduced hepatic iron levels by downregulating FTL, FTH, and TfR1 levels. Additionally, RosA-LIP exerted a suppressive effect on hepcidin expression through the BMP6-SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway. Furthermore, RosA-LIP upregulated FPN1 expression in both the liver and duodenum, thereby alleviating iron accumulation in these organs in mice with iron overload. Notably, RosA exhibited a comparable iron chelation effect, and RosA-LIP demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating liver damage induced by excessive iron overload. RosA-LIP exhibited favorable sustained release properties, targeted delivery, and efficient protection against iron overload-induced liver damage. A schematic representation of the proposed protective mechanism of rosmarinic acid liposome during iron overload. Once RosA-LIP is transported into cells, RosA is released. On the one hand, RosA attenuates the BMP6-SMAD1/5/8-SMAD4 signaling pathway activation, leading to inhibiting hepcidin transcription. Then, the declined hepcidin contacted the inhibitory effect of FPN1 in hepatocytes and duodenum, increasing iron mobilization. On the other hand, RosA inhibits TfR1 and ferritin expression, which decreases excessive iron and oxidative damage.

Hydrogen Attenuates Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Regulating Iron Metabolism.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of hydrogen (H2) on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice by modulating iron metabolism. C57BL/6N mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control (Con), CIH, CIH + H2, and H2. The mice were exposed to CIH (21-5% FiO2, 3 min/cycle, 8 h/d), and received inhalation of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture (2 h/d) for 5 weeks. Cardiac and mitochondrial function, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron levels were evaluated. The H9C2 cell line was subjected to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and treated with H2. Firstly, we found H2 had a notable impact on cardiac hypertrophy, ameliorated pathological alterations and mitochondrial morphology induced by CIH (p < 0.05). Secondly, H2 exhibited a suppressive effect on oxidative injury by decreasing levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) (p < 0.05) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (p < 0.01). Thirdly, H2 demonstrated a significant reduction in iron levels within myocardial cells through the upregulation of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) proteins (p < 0.01) and the downregulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 with iron-responsive element (DMT1(+ire)), and ferritin light chain (FTL) mRNA or proteins (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, H2 exhibited the ability to decrease the levels of Fe2+ and ROS in H9C2 cells exposed to IH (p < 0.05). Moreover, H2 mediated the expression of hepcidin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) (p < 0.01), and iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), which might be involved in the regulation of iron-related transporter proteins. These results suggested that H2 may be beneficial in preventing cardiac hypertrophy, a condition associated with reduced iron toxicity.

Huperzine A-Liposomes Efficiently Improve Neural Injury in the Hippocampus of Mice with Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia.

Background: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) could cause neuronal damage, accelerating the progression of dementia. However, safe and effective therapeutic drugs and delivery are needed for successful CIH therapy. Purpose: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Huperzine A (HuA) packaged with nanoliposomes (HuA-LIP) on neuronal damage induced by CIH. Methods: The stability and release of HuA-LIP in vitro were identified. Mice were randomly divided into the Control, CIH, HuA-LIP, and HuA groups. The mice in the HuA and HuA-LIP groups received HuA (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), and HuA-LIP was administered during CIH exposure for 21 days. HuA-LIP contains the equivalent content of HuA. Results: We prepared a novel formulation of HuA-LIP that had good stability and controlled release. First, HuA-LIP significantly ameliorated cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage in CIH mice. Second, HuA-LIP elevated T-SOD and GSH-Px abilities and decreased MDA content to resist oxidative stress damage induced by CIH. Furthermore, HuA-LIP reduced brain iron levels by downregulating TfR1, hepcidin, and FTL expression. In addition, HuA-LIP activated the PKAα/Erk/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and elevated MAP2, PSD95, and synaptophysin to improve synaptic plasticity. Most importantly, compared with HuA, HuA-LIP showed a superior performance against neuronal damage induced by CIH. Conclusion: HuA-LIP has a good sustained-release effect and targeting ability and efficiently protects against neural injury caused by CIH.

Liraglutide attenuates hepatic iron levels and ferroptosis in db/db mice.

Liver pathological changes are as high as 21%-78% in diabetic patients, and treatment options are lacking. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor that is widely used in the clinic and is approved to treat obesity and diabetes. However, the specific protection mechanism needs to be clarified. In the present study, db/db mice were used to simulate Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and they were intraperitoneally injected daily with liraglutide (200 µg/kg/d) for 5 weeks. Hepatic function, pathologic changes, oxidative stress, iron levels, and ferroptosis were evaluated. First, liraglutide decreased serum AST and ALT levels, and suppressed liver fibrosis in db/db mice. Second, liraglutide inhibited the ROS production by upregulating SOD, GSH-PX, and GSH activity as well as by downregulating MDA, 4-HNE, and NOX4 expression in db/db mice. Furthermore, liraglutide attenuated iron deposition by decreasing TfR1 expression and increasing FPN1 expression. At the same time, liraglutide decreased ferroptosis by elevating the expression of SLC7A11 and the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway in the livers of db/db mice. In addition, liraglutide decreased the high level of labile iron pools (LIPs) and intracellular lipid ROS induced by high glucose in vitro. Therefore, we speculated that liraglutide played a crucial role in reducing iron accumulation, oxidative damage and ferroptosis in db/db mice.

Association studies on the bovine lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism with growth and carcass quality traits in Qinchuan cattle.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is considered as an essential enzyme in lipid deposition and tissue metabolism. It has been proposed to be a lead candidate gene for genetic markers of lipid deposition and energy balance. In this paper, polymorphisms in the LPL gene were investigated in 554 Chinese Qinchuan cattle by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, which included one mutation (g.91C > T) in the 5'untranslated region (UTR), four synonymous mutations (g.17015A > G, g.18362G > A, g.18377T > C and g.19873T > C) and two mutations (g.25225A > G and g.25316T > G) in the 3'UTR. The frequencies of SNP g.18377T > C and g.25316T > G were skewed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the samples (chi-square test, P < 0.05). An association analysis showed that five loci (except for g.91C > T and g.18377T > C) were significantly correlated with some growth and carcass quality traits. These results demonstrate that LPL might be a potential candidate gene for marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Grafting of norfloxacin imprinted polymeric membranes on silica surface for the selective solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in fish samples.

A high-density imprinted polymeric membrane was immobilized on a porous silica-gel support by polymerization of methacrylic acid with vinyl-silanized silica gel for the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of norfloxacin (NOR) in fish samples. The imprinted membranes showed high adsorption capacity (423.2 µmol g(-1)), significant selectivity (k=14.64, k'=9.61) and good site accessibility (2h) for NOR. The conditions of SPE were investigated, and water (pH=6), methanol:water (1:1, v/v) and methanol-acetic acid-trifluoroacetic acid (90:9:1, v/v) were selected as the sample solvent, the washing solution and the eluting solution, respectively. Under the optimal SPE condition, three fluoroquinolone residues in fish were separated and detected by an off-line MIP-SPE-HPLC with better clean up and enrichment. The recoveries of norfloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 89.3-94.8%, 69.3-102.8% and 85-90.5%, respectively, with relative standard deviations lower than 6.5%. The limits of detection (LOD) of the proposed method (S/N=3) were in a range of 2.65-3.65 µg kg(-1), and the limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were in a range of 8.82-12.16 µg kg(-1).