Sevoflurane causes neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment by regulating Hippo signaling pathway-mediated ferroptosis via upregulating PRKCD.

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane (SEV) has been found to induce neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment, leading to the development of degenerative diseases. Protein kinase C delta (PRKCD) is upregulated in the hippocampus of SEV-treated mice and may be related to SEV-related neurotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which SEV mediates neurotoxicity via PRKCD remain unclear. METHODS: Normal mice and PRKCD knockout (KO) mice were exposed to SEV. Hippocampal neurons were isolated from mice hippocampal tissues. H&E staining was used for pathological morphology of hippocampal tissues, and NISSL staining was used to analyze the number of hippocampal neurons. The mRNA and protein levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemical staining. The mitochondrial microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit 8 assay, and ferroptosis was assessed by detecting related marker levels. The cognitive ability of mice was assessed by morris water maze test. And the protein levels of PRKCD, ferroptosis-related markers and Hippo pathway-related markers were examined by western bolt. RESULTS: SEV increased PRKCD expression and ferroptosis in hippocampal tissues of mice. Also, SEV promoted mouse hippocampal neuron injury by inducing ferroptosis via upregulating PRKCD expression. Knockout of PRKCD alleviated SEV-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in mice, and relieved SEV-induced ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons. PRKCD could inhibit the activity of Hippo pathway, and its knockdown also overturned SEV-mediated ferroptosis by activating Hippo pathway. CONCLUSION: SEV could induce neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment by promoting ferroptosis via inactivating Hippo pathway through increasing PRKCD expression.

Kapß2 Inhibits Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders in Rats with Mild Cognitive Impairment by Reversing the Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Mislocalization of hnRNPA2/B1.

Harmful stimuli trigger mutations lead to uncontrolled accumulation of hnRNPA2/B1 in the cytoplasm, exacerbating neuronal damage. Kapß2 mediates the bidirectional transport of most substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Kapß2 guides hnRNPA2/B1 back into the nucleus and restores its function, alleviating related protein toxicity. Here, we aim to explore the involvement of Kapß2 in neurodegeneration in rats with MCI following sevoflurane anesthesia and surgery. Firstly, novel object recognition test and Barnes maze were conducted to assess behavioral performances, and we found Kapß2 positively regulated the recovery of memory and cognitive function. In vivo electrophysiological experiments revealed that the hippocampal theta rhythm energy distribution was disrupted, coherence was reduced, and long-term potentiation was attenuated in MCI rats. LTP was greatly improved with positive modulation of Kapß2. Next, functional MRI and BOLD imaging will be employed to examine the AFLL and FC values of dynamic connectivity between the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. The findings show that regulating Kapß2 in the hippocampus region enhances functional activity and connections between brain regions in MCI rats. WB results showed that increasing Kapß2 expression improved the expression and recovery of cognitive-related proteins in the hippocampus of MCI rats. Finally, WB and immunofluorescence were used to examine the changes in hnRNPA2/B1 expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm after overexpression of Kapß2, and it was found that nucleocytoplasmic mis location was alleviated. Overall, these data show that Kapß2 reverses the nucleoplasmic misalignment of hnRNPA2/B1, which slows neurodegeneration towards dementia in MCI after sevoflurane anesthesia and surgery. Our findings may lead to new approaches for perioperative neuroprotection of MCI patients.

Hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (HIMT) is a rare type of hepatic tumor. It is always misdiagnosed and mistreated because it is primarily found with no obvious specific manifestation, and its imaging findings are diverse. CASE SUMMARY: Here, we report a case of HIMT that was initially diagnosed as liver malignancy but was confirmed as HIMT by histopathology after hepatectomy. Mostly, HIMTs are infiltrated with plasma cells and stain positively for anaplastic lymphoma kinase on immunohistochemistry as well as for some other kinases. CONCLUSION: HIMT can be treated with single nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and without surgery when it is diagnosed accurately. Because the etiology of HIMT is unknown and the diagnosis is difficult, the pathogenesis and clinical process need to be further studied.

Application of Air-Coupled Ground Penetrating Radar Based on F-K Filtering and BP Migration in High-Speed Railway Tunnel Detection.

As the number and length of high-speed railway tunnels increase in China, implicit defects such as insufficient lining thicknesses, voids, and poor compaction have become increasingly common, posing a serious threat to train operation safety. It is, therefore, imperative to conduct a comprehensive census of the defects within the tunnel linings. In response to this problem, this study proposes a high-speed railway tunnel detection method based on vehicle-mounted air-coupled GPR. Building on a forward simulation of air-coupled GPR, the study proposes the F-K filtering and BP migration algorithms based on the practical considerations of random noise and imaging interference from the inherent equipment. Through multi-dimensional quantitative comparisons, these algorithms are shown to improve the spectrum entropy values and instantaneous amplitude ratios by 4.6% and 11.6%; and 120% and 180%, respectively, over the mean and bandpass filtering algorithms, demonstrating their ability to suppress clutter and enhance the internal signal prominence of the lining. The experimental results are consistent with the forward simulation trends, and the verification using the ground-coupled GPR detection confirms that air-coupled GPR can meet the requirements of high-speed railway tunnel lining inspections. A comprehensive GPR detection model is proposed to lay the foundation for a subsequent defect census of high-speed railway tunnels.

Pericholecystic varices as the predominant manifestation in cryptogenic portal hypertension: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension has various manifestations, and varices are a common manifestation. Varices can appear in any vein in the body associated with the portal venous system. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we report a case of portal hypertension with gallbladder varices as the main manifestation, which was confirmed by abdominal contrast-enhanced CT with three-dimensional reconstruction and color Doppler ultrasonography. The patient had concomitant liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Various auxiliary examinations and biochemical indicators of the patient confirmed liver cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis, and portal hypertension, all of which were mild and did not reach the decompensation stage. CONCLUSION: As illustrated by this case, when there is an embolism in certain parts of the portal system, portal hypertension can appear during the compensatory period and transition into severe varices in the thrombotic part during the de-compensatory period.

Advances in the Study of circRNAs in Hematological Malignancies.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-protein-coding RNAs that have a circular structure and do not possess a 5` cap or 3` poly-A tail. Their structure is more stable than that of linear RNAs, and they are difficult to deform via hydrolysis. Advancements in measurement technology such as RNA sequencing have enabled the detection of circRNAs in various eukaryotes in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The main function of circRNAs involves sponging of microRNAs (MiRNAs) and interaction with proteins associated with physiological and pathological processes, while some circRNAs are involved in translation. circRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes during the development of many tumors and are emerging as new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. They also affect resistance to certain chemotherapy drugs such as imatinib. The objective of this review is to investigate the expression and clinical significance of circRNAs in hematological malignancies. We will also explore the effect of circRNAs on proliferation and apoptosis in hematological malignancy cells and their possible use as biomarkers or targets to determine prognoses. The current literature indicates that circRNAs may provide new therapeutic strategies for patients with hematologic malignancies.

B7-H6 expression is induced by lipopolysaccharide and facilitates cancer invasion and metastasis in human gliomas.

Although great progress has been made in treatment regimens, gliomas are still incurable and the 5-year survival remains poor. Studies focusing on molecules that regulate tumorigenesis or tumor immunity may provide potential therapeutic strategies for patients with glioma. B7-H6 is selectively expressed in tumor cells and plays vital roles in host immune responses. In this study, we demonstrated that B7-H6 was expressed in glioma cell lines, including CRT, U251, SHG-44, SF-295, TG-905 and U373, and tumor tissues isolated from glioma patients. Moreover, the expression levels of B7-H6 were significantly correlated with glioma grade. Previous studies reported that inflammatory mediators and cytokines induced the expression of B7 family members including programmed death-ligand 1, B7-H2 and B7-H4. Therefore, we explored the regulation of B7-H6 expression in gliomas and showed that lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of B7-H6 in glioma cells. To further analyze the roles of B7-H6 in gliomas, the expression of B7-H6 in glioma cells was knocked down. The results of cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells were inhibited after knocking down B7-H6. To elucidate the specific mechanisms of B7-H6 function in cancer progression, we examined the expression levels of proteins involved in cell apoptosis, migration and invasion. We demonstrated that the expression levels of E-cadherin and Bcl-2 associated X protein increased, and the expression levels of vimentin, N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and survivin decreased after knocking down B7-H6. In conclusion, B7-H6 plays important roles in glioma, and targeting B7-H6 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma patients.

Plantactinosporasoyae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from soybean root [Glycine max (L.) Merr].

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-gxj3T, was isolated from soybean root [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NEAU-gxj3T showed highest similarity to those of Micromonospora equina Y22T (98.2 %) and Plantactinospora endophytica YIM 68255T (98.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene demonstrated that the isolate clustered with the members of the genus Plantactinospora. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-gxj3Twere also consistent with those of members of the genus Plantactinospora. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and whole-cell sugars were xylose, glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H6), MK-9(H8), MK-10(H2) and MK-10(H4). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization result and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-gxj3Tcould be differentiated clearly from its closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Plantactinospora, for which the name Plantactinospora soyae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-gxj3T (=CGMCC 4.7221T=DSM 46832T).

Mumia xiangluensis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn.

During an investigation of microbial diversity in medicinal herbs, a novel actinobacterium, strain NEAU-KD1(T) was isolated from the rhizosphere of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn collected from Xianglu Mountain in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have the typical chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics of the genus Mumia. Cells were observed to be non-spore-forming and irregular cocci. The cell wall was found to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid as the cell wall diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were detected as galactose and rhamnose and the predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H4). The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid and five unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were determined to be composed of C16:0, 10-methyl C18:0 and C18:1ω7c. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence also indicated that strain NEAU-KD1(T) belongs to the genus Mumia and with high sequence similarity to Mumia flava NBRC 109973(T) (97.6 % sequence similarity). The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and the phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-KD1(T) could be distinguished from its close phylogenetic relative. Thus, strain NEAU-KD1(T) can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Mumia, for which the name Mumia xiangluensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-KD1(T) (=CGMCC 4.7305(T) = DSM 101040(T)).

Nonomuraea zeae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-ND5T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.) collected in Heilongjiang Province, north-east China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-ND5T was a member of the genus Nonomuraea, with highest sequence similarities to Nonomuraea jabiensis A4036T (98.29 %), Nonomuraea rosea GW12687T (98.25 %), Nonomuraea candida HMC10T (98.22 %), Nonomuraea rhizophila YIM 67092T (98.04 %) and Nonomuraea kuesteri NRRL B-24325T (98.04 %). Similarities to other type strains of the genus Nonomuraea were lower than 98 %. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-ND5T were also consistent with the description of the genus Nonomuraea. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose, ribose and madurose. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0 and 10-methyl C17:0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-ND5T was clearly distinguished from its closely related Nonomuraea species. Consequently, it is concluded that strain NEAU-ND5T represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea zeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-ND5T (=CGMCC 4.7280T=DSM 100528T).

Streptomyces polygonati sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from a root of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-G9T, was isolated from the root of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang province, north China, and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties confirmed the affiliation of strain NEAU-G9T to the genus Streptomyces. Strain NEAU-G9T contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0.16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-G9T belongs to the genus Streptomyces and exhibits the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces yanglinensis JCM 13275T (97.75 %). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-G9T is most closely related to Streptomyces misakiensis JCM 4062T (97.12 % sequence similarity). A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-G9T can be clearly distinguished from S. yanglinensis JCM 13275T and S. misakiensis JCM 4062T. Consequently, strain NEAU-G9T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces polygonati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-G9T ( = CGMCC 4.7237T = DSM 100521T).

Microbispora camponoti sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the cuticle of Camponotus japonicus Mayr.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 2C-HV3(T), was isolated from the cuticle of Camponotus japonicus Mayr collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang province, north China and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 2C-HV3(T) showed that it has high sequence similarities with Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2(T) (99.9 %), Microbispora amethystogenes JCM 3021(T) (98.9 %) and Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea JCM 3006(T) (98.6 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences demonstrated that strain 2C-HV3(T) clusters with M. bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2(T) using two tree-making algorithms. Moreover, key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties also confirmed the affiliation of strain 2C-HV3(T) to the genus Microbispora. Longitudinal paired spores were observed to be born on short sporophores branching from the aerial hyphae. The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid; madurose was found in the whole cell hydrolysate. The polar lipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were identified as 10-methyl C17:0 and iso-C16:0. However, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain 2C-HV3(T) can be distinguished from its closely related relatives. Consequently, it is proposed that strain 2C-HV3(T) represents a new species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora camponoti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2C-HV3(T) (=CGMCC 4.7281(T) = DSM 100527(T)).

Streptomyces formicae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the head of Camponotus japonicus Mayr.

During a screening for novel and biotechnologically useful actinobacteria in insects, a novel actinomycete with antifungal activity, designated strain 1H-GS9(T), was isolated from the head of a Camponotus japonicus Mayr ant, which were collected from Northeast Agricultural University (Harbin, Heilongjiang, China). Strain 1H-GS9(T) was characterised using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 1H-GS9(T) belongs to the genus Streptomyces with high sequence similarities to Streptomyces scopuliridis DSM 41917(T) (98.8 %) and Streptomyces mauvecolor JCM 5002(T) (98.6 %). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it forms a monophyletic clade with Streptomyces kurssanovii JCM 4388(T) (98.6 %), Streptomyces xantholiticus JCM 4282(T) (98.6 %) and Streptomyces peucetius JCM 9920(T) (98.5 %). Thus, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 1H-GS9(T) and the above-mentioned five strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain 1H-GS9(T) could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces formicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-GS9(T) (=CGMCC 4.7277(T) = DSM 100524(T)).

Catellatospora vulcania sp. nov. and Catellatospora paridis sp. nov., two novel actinobacteria isolated from volcanic sediment and the rhizosphere of Paris polyphylla.

Two novel actinobacteria, designated strains NEAU-JM1(T) and NEAU-CL2(T), were isolated from volcanic sediment and the rhizosphere soil of Paris polyphylla, respectively, collected from Jiling and Heilongjiang Province, China. A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic positions of these strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the two novel isolates exhibit 99.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NEAU-JM1(T) showed it to be closely related to Catellatospora methionotrophica JCM 7543(T) (99.4 % sequence similarity), Catellatospora coxensis DSM 44901(T) (99.4 %), Catellatospora citrea DSM 44097(T) (99.3 %) and Catellatospora chokoriensis JCM 12950(T) (99.2 %), and that of strain NEAU-CL2(T) to C. citrea DSM 44097(T) (99.4 %), C. methionotrophica JCM 7543(T) (99.3 %), C. chokoriensis JCM 12950(T) (99.3 %) and C. coxensis DSM 44901(T) (99.2 %). However, the DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains NEAU-JM1(T) and NEAU-CL2(T) was 62.2 %, and the values between the two strains and their close phylogenetic relatives were also below 70 %. With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA-DNA hybridization results, the two strains can be distinguished from each other and their close phylogenetic relatives. Thus, strains NEAU-JM1(T) and NEAU-CL2(T) can be concluded to represent two novel species of the genus Catellatospora, for which the names Catellatospora vulcania sp. nov. and Catellatospora paridis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are NEAU-JM1(T) (=CGMCC 4.7174(T) = JCM 30054(T)) and NEAU-CL2(T) (=CGMCC 4.7236(T) = DSM 100519(T)), respectively.

Micromonospora vulcania sp. nov., isolated from volcanic sediment.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated strain NEAU-JM2(T), was isolated from volcanic sediment collected from Longwan, Jilin province, north China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the members of the genus Micromonospora. Phylogenetic analysis of the16S rRNA gene sequence also indicated that strain NEAU-JM2(T) should be classified in the genus Micromonospora and showed that close relatives are Micromonospora maoerensis NEAU-MES19(T) (99.5 %) and Micromonospora matsumotoense JCM 9104(T) (98.8 %). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the gyrB gene sequence showed that the isolate forms a separate subclade away from the close relatives in the neighbour-joining tree and also recovered with the maximum-likelihood algorithm. The low level of DNA-DNA relatedness allowed the isolate to be differentiated from M. maoerensis NEAU-MES19(T) and M. matsumotoense JCM 9104(T). Furthermore, strain NEAU-JM2(T) could also be distinguished from its close phylogenetic relatives by cultural and physiological characteristics. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-JM2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora vulcania sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-JM2(T) (=CGMCC 4.7144(T) = DSM 46711(T)).

Baia soyae gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic representative of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae, isolated from soybean root [Glycine max (L.) Merr].

A mesophilic, endophytic, filamentous bacterium, designated strain NEAU-gxj18T, was isolated from soybean root [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Growth was observed at 20­40 °C (optimum 37 °C). Aerial mycelium was absent on all the media tested. Substrate mycelia were well-developed and formed abundant single endospores with smooth surfaces. The only menaquinone was MK-7.The diagnostic diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugars were ribose, glucose and galactose. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C13 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one undientified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 49.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-gxj18T was phylogenetically related to members of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae, with the highest sequence similarity to Geothermomicrobium terrae YIM 77562T (93.35 %). On the basis of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and characteristic patterns of 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides, strain NEAU-gxj18T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Thermoactinomycetaceae, for which the name Baia soyae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is NEAU-gxj18T ( = CGMCC 4.7223T = DSM 46831T).

Streptomyces vulcanius sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from volcanic sediment.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-C3(T), was isolated from volcanic sediment collected from Longwan, Jilin province, north China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the members of the genus Streptomyces. EzTaxon-e analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated strain NEAU-C3(T) to be most closely related to Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. ossamyceticus JCM 4965(T) (97.7 % sequence similarity) and Streptomyces torulosus JCM 4872(T) (97.7 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-C3(T) belongs within the genus Streptomyces and forms a separate subclade, an association that was supported by a bootstrap value of 72 % in the neighbour-joining tree and also recovered with the maximum-likelihood algorithm. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NEAU-C3(T) and the two most closely related type strains were low enough to justify the assignment of the strain to a novel species. On the basis of these phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is concluded that strain NEAU-C3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces vulcanius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-C3(T) (=CGMCC 4.7177(T)=DSM 42139(T)).

Micromonospora zeae sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from corn root (Zea mays L.).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-gq9(T), was isolated from corn root (Zea mays L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Micromonospora. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strain NEAU-gq9(T) was most closely related to Micromonospora zamorensis CR38(T) (99.3%), Micromonospora jinlongensis NEAU-GRX11(T) (99.2%), Micromonospora saelicesensis Lupac 09(T) (99.2%), Micromonospora chokoriensis 2-19(6)(T) (98.9%), Micromonospora coxensis 2-30-b(28)(T) (98.6%) and Micromonospora lupini Lupac 14N(T) (98.5%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene demonstrated that strain NEAU-gq9(T) is a member of the genus Micromonospora and supported the closest phylogenetic relationship to M. zamorensis CR38(T), M. jinlongensis NEAU-GRX11(T), M. saelicesensis Lupac 09(T), M. chokoriensis 2-19(6)(T) and M. lupini Lupac 14N(T). A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization, morphological and physiological characteristics indicated that the novel strain could be readily distinguished from the closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-gq9(T) represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora zeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-gq9(T) (=CGMCC 4.7092(T)=DSM 45882(T)).

Actinoplanes lutulentus sp. nov., isolated from mucky soil in China.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-GRX6T, was isolated from mucky soil collected from a stream of Jinlong Mountain in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, north China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed irregular sporangia containing motile sporangiospores on the substrate mycelium. The whole-cell sugars were xylose, glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-10(H4) and MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were C16:0, C15:0, C18:1ω9c, C17:1ω7c and C18:0. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The DNA G+C content was 67 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-GRX6T belonged to the genus Actinoplanes, being most closely related to Actinoplanes palleronii IFO 14916T (97.80% similarity) and Actinoplanes missouriensis NBRC 102363T (97.76%). However, the low observed levels of DNA-DNA relatedness allowed the isolate to be differentiated from the above-mentioned species of the genus Actinoplanes. Moreover, strain NEAU-GRX6T could also be distinguished from A. palleronii IFO 14916T and A. missouriensis NBRC 102363T by phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-GRX6T represents a novel species of the genus Actinoplanes, for which the name Actinoplanes lutulentus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain NEAU-GRX6T (=CGMCC 4.7090T=DSM 45883T).

Micromonospora jinlongensis sp. nov., isolated from muddy soil in China and emended description of the genus Micromonospora.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-GRX11(T), was isolated from muddy soil collected from a stream of Jinlong Mountain in Harbin, north China. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Micromonospora. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NEAU-GRX11(T) showed highest similarity to Micromonospora zamorensis CR38(T) (99.2 %), Micromonospora saelicesensis Lupac 09(T) (99.0 %), Micromonospora chokoriensis 2-19/6(T) (98.7 %), Micromonospora coxensis 2-30-b/28(T) (98.5 %), Micromonospora aurantiaca ATCC 27029(T) (98.4 %) and Micromonospora lupini lupac 14N(T) (98.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene demonstrated that strain NEAU-GRX11(T) was a member of the genus Micromonospora and supported the closest phylogenetic relationship to M. zamorensis CR38(T), M. saelicesensis Lupac 09(T), M. chokoriensis 2-19/6(T) and M. lupini lupac 14N(T). A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that the novel strain could be readily distinguished from these closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that NEAU-GRX11(T) represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora jinlongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-GRX11(T) (=CGMCC 4.7103(T)=DSM 45876(T)).