A Cross-Process Signal Integrity Analysis (CPSIA) Method and Design Optimization for Wafer-on-Wafer Stacked DRAM.

A multi-layer stacked Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) platform is introduced to address the memory wall issue. This platform features high-density vertical interconnects established between DRAM units for high-capacity memory and logic units for computation, utilizing Wafer-on-Wafer (WoW) hybrid bonding and mini Through-Silicon Via (TSV) technologies. This 3DIC architecture includes commercial DRAM, logic, and 3DIC manufacturing processes. Their design documents typically come from different foundries, presenting challenges for signal integrity design and analysis. This paper establishes a lumped circuit based on 3DIC physical structure and calculates all values of the lumped elements in the circuit model with the transmission line model. A Cross-Process Signal Integrity Analysis (CPSIA) method is introduced, which integrates three different manufacturing processes by modeling vertical stacking cells and connecting DRAM and logic netlists in one simulation environment. In combination with the dedicated buffer driving method, the CPSIA method is used to analyze 3DIC impacts. Simulation results show that the timing uncertainty introduced by 3DIC crosstalk ranges from 31 ps to 62 ps. This analysis result explains the stable slight variation in the maximum frequency observed in vertically stacked memory arrays from different DRAM layers in the physical testing results, demonstrating the effectiveness of this CPSIA method.

Detecting prokaryote-specific gene and other bacterial signatures in thrombi from patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Microbial infection has been associated with thrombogenesis. This study aimed to detect bacterium-specific genes and other signatures in thrombi from patients with acute ischemic stroke and to relate these signatures to clinical characteristics. METHODS: Blood samples were collected before thrombectomy procedures, and thrombus samples were obtained during the procedure. Identification and classification of bacteria in the samples were accomplished using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterium-specific structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy. Bacterium-specific biomarkers were detected through immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: 16 S rRNA gene was detected in 32.1% of the thrombus samples from 81 patients. Bacillus (0.04% vs. 0.00046%, p = 0.003), Parabacteroides (0.20% vs. 0.09%, p = 0.029), Prevotella (1.57% vs. 0.38%, p = 0.010), Streptococcus (1.53% vs. 0.29%, p = 0.001), Romboutsia (0.18% vs. 0.0070%, p = 0.029), Corynebacterium (1.61% vs. 1.26%, p = 0.026) and Roseburia (0.53% vs. 0.05%, p = 0.005) exhibited significantly higher abundance in thrombi compared to arterial blood. Bacteria-like structures were observed in 22 (27.1%), while whole bacteria-like structures were observed in 7 (8.6%) thrombi under transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining detected bacterium-specific monocyte/macrophage markers in 51 (63.0%) out of 81 thrombi. Logistic regression analysis indicated that alcohol consumption was associated with a higher bacteria burden in thrombi (odds ratio = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.10-9.27; p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Bacterial signatures usually found in the oral cavity and digestive tract were detected in thrombi from patients with ischemic stroke. This suggests a potential involvement of bacterial infection in the development of thrombosis. Long-term alcohol consumption may potentially enhance this possibility.

Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Carotid Calcification in Patients with Ischemic Stroke.

INTRODUCTION: Owing to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, flavonoids can influence the initiation and development of atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely undetermined. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between dietary flavonoids and carotid calcification in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: This study screened consecutive patients with ischemic stroke via Nanjing Stroke Registry Program from February 2016 to April 2021. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary consumption of flavonoids and other nutritional components. Presence and degree of carotid calcification were determined according to Agatston scores on computer tomography angiography. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between dietary flavonoids (total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones) and carotid calcification. RESULTS: Of the 601 enrolled patients, 368 (61.2%) were detected with carotid calcification. Patients with high intake of total flavonoids (the fifth quintile) had a 52% lower carotid calcification risk than those with low intake (the first quintile; odds ratio [OR] = 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.90; p = 0.007 for trends) after adjusting for major confounders. Patients with high intake of flavan-3-ols (the fifth quintile) had a 51% lower carotid calcification risk than those with low intake (the first quintile; OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.97; p = 0.016 for trends). CONCLUSION: Dietary flavonoid intake is associated with carotid calcification, and, therefore, may influence the risk of stroke occurrence and recurrence.

Association between dietary antioxidant capacity and atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: Patients with acute ischemic stroke were consecutively enrolled. Daily food consumption was estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DTAC was calculated based on classified food intake. Antioxidant potential value was measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. Evaluation of carotid artery stenosis was based on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between DTAC and degree of carotid stenosis. RESULTS: Of the 608 enrolled, 232 patients (38.2%) had moderate or severe carotid stenosis. After adjusting for major confounding factors, FRAP (OR =0.640; 95% CI: 0.410-0.998; P =0.049) and ORAC (OR =0.625; 95% CI: 0.400-0.976; P =0.039) were associated with lower degree of carotid artery stenosis (third vs first tertile). Spearman analysis indicated that FRAP (r =-0.121, P =0.003) and ORAC (r =-0.147, P <0.001) were correlated with degree of carotid stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: DTAC may influence the initiation and development of atherosclerosis, and, therefore, the risk of ischemic stroke.

[A study on the prevalence rates of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in intravenous drug users].

OBJECTIVE: To study HIV, HBV and HCV infections in intravenous drug users. METHODS: 2025 blood samples from intravenous drug users were collected from Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi and Xinjiang regions, and tested for anti-HIV, anti-HCV, HBsAg using enzyme-linked immuno-sobent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS: The positive rates of anti-HIV,anti-HCV and HBsAg were14.7%-30.4%, 60.7%-85.5% and 6.6%-22.4% in the intravenous drug users, respectively. The co-infection rates of HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV, HCV/HBV and HIV/HCV/HBV were 0%-0.4%, 11.6%-27.2%, 2.3%-14.3% and 1.6%-4.8% respectively in this population. CONCLUSION: The infection rates of HIV, HBV and HCV were higher in the intravenous drug users than that in general populations in the same regions, and HIV/HCV co-infection appeared most frequent in this population.