ABSTRACT
Atomically dispersed metal catalysts with high atomic utilization and selectivity have been widely studied for acetylene semi-hydrogenation in excess ethylene among others. Further improvements of activity and selectivity, in addition to stability and loading, remain elusive due to competitive adsorption and desorption between reactants and products, hydrogen activation, partial hydrogenation etc. on limited site available. Herein, comprehensive density functional theory calculations have been used to explore the new strategy by introducing an appropriate ligand to stabilize the active single atom, improving the activity and selectivity on oxide supports. We find that the hydroxyl group can stabilize Ni single atoms significantly by forming Ni1(OH)2 complexes on anatase TiO2(101), whose unique electronic and geometric properties enable high performance in acetylene semi-hydrogenation. Specifically, Ni1(OH)2/TiO2(101) shows favorable acetylene adsorption and promotes the heterolytic dissociation of H2 achieving high catalytic activity, and it simultaneously weakens the ethylene bonding to facilitate subsequent desorption showing high ethylene selectivity. Hydroxyl stabilization of single metal atoms on oxide supports and promotion of the catalytic activity are sensitive to transition metal and the oxide supports. Compared to Co, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag and Au, and anatase ZrO2, IrO2 and NbO2 surfaces, the optimum interactions between Ni, O and Ti and resulted high activity, selectivity and stability make Ni1(OH)2/TiO2(101) a promising catalyst in acetylene hydrogenation. Our work provides valuable guidelines for utilization of ligands in the rational design of stable and efficient atomically dispersed catalysts.
ABSTRACT
Atomically dispersed metal catalysts maximize atom efficiency and display unique catalytic properties compared with regular metal nanoparticles. However, achieving high reactivity while preserving high stability at appreciable loadings remains challenging. Here we solve the challenge by synergizing metal-support interactions and spatial confinement, which enables the fabrication of highly loaded atomic nickel (3.1 wt%) along with dense atomic copper grippers (8.1 wt%) on a graphitic carbon nitride support. For the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene, the fabricated catalyst shows extraordinary catalytic performance in terms of activity, selectivity and stability-far superior to supported atomic nickel alone in the absence of a synergizing effect. Comprehensive characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the active nickel site confined in two stable hydroxylated copper grippers dynamically changes by breaking the interfacial nickel-support bonds on reactant adsorption and making these bonds on product desorption. Such a dynamic effect confers high catalytic performance, providing an avenue to rationally design efficient, stable and highly loaded, yet atomically dispersed, catalysts.
ABSTRACT
Supported single transition metal (TM1 ) catalysts have attracted broad attention in academia recently. Still, their corresponding reactivity and stability under reaction conditions are critical but have not well explored at the fundamental level. Herein, we use density functional theory calculation and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the role of reactants and ligands on the reactivity and stability of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) supported Ni1 for CO oxidation. We find out that supported bare Ni1 atoms are only metastable on the surface and tend to diffuse into the interlayer of g-C3 N4 . Though Ni1 is catalytically active at moderate temperatures, CO adsorption induced dimerization deactivates the catalyst. Hydroxyl groups not only are able to stabilize the supported Ni1 atom, but also increase the reactivity by participating directly in the reaction. Our results provide valuable insights on improving the chemical stability of TM1 by ligands without sacrificing the reactivity, which are helpful for the rational design of highly loaded atomically dispersed supported metal catalysts.
