Shen-yan-yi-hao oral solution ameliorates IgA nephropathy via intestinal IL-17/NF-κB pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in the world, it is one of the most common causes of kidney disease and can lead to end-stage kidney disease, however, its pathogenesis is still complicated. The Shen-yan-yi-hao oral solution (SOLI) is an effective prescription for the clinical treatment of IgAN while its specific mechanism remains to be further elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigates SOLI's effects on IgAN in rats, particularly on the intestinal mucosal barrier, and identifies potential therapeutic targets through network pharmacology and molecular docking, validated experimentally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Target genes for SOLI in IgAN were identified and analysed through molecular docking and KEGG pathway enrichment. An IgAN rat model examined SOLI's effect on renal biomarkers and cytokines involved in specific pathways, ileum mucosal lesions, and the intestinal immune system. The IL-17 pathway's role was studied in IEC-6 cells with SOLI in vitro. RESULT: Rats developed increased proteinuria and kidney damage marked by IgA deposition and inflammation. SOLI treatment significantly ameliorated these symptoms, reduced galactose-deficient Ig A1 (Gd-IgA1), and decreased cytokines like IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß etc. SOLI also normalized intestinal tight junction protein expression, ameliorated intestinal damage, and regulated intestinal immune response (focused on IL-17/NF-κB signal pathway). SOLI moderated the abnormally activated IL-17 pathway, which damages intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting IgAN treatment potential. CONCLUSION: SOLI reduces proteinuria and enhances intestinal mucosal function in IgAN rats, kidney protection in the IgAN rat model may initiate from modulating the intestinal IL-17/NF-κB pathway and subsequent Gd-IgA1 accumulation.

Coupling simulation of pipeline nodes - Storage tank linkage in urban high-density built-up areas using optimization model.

Climate change and urbanization contribute to the increased frequency of short-duration intense rainstorms. Traditional solutions often involve multiple scenarios for cost-effectiveness comparison, neglecting the rationality of placement conditions. The effective coupling and coordination of the location, number, size, and cost of storage tanks are crucial to addressing this issue. A three-phase approach is proposed to enhance the dynamic link between drainage pipeline and storage tanks in urban high-density built-up areas, integrating Python language, SWMM, the Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-III), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. In the first stage, each node within the pipeline network is considered as a potential storage tank location. In the second stage, factors such as the length and diameter of the upstream connecting pipeline, as well as the suitability of the storage tank location, are assessed. In the third stage, the length and diameter of the downstream connecting pipeline node are evaluated. The results show that the 90 overflow nodes (overflow time >0.5h) have been cleared using the three-phase approach with a 50a (duration = 3h) return period as the rainfall scenario, which meets the flooding limitations. After the completion of the three-phase method configuration, the total overflow and SS loads were reduced by 96.45% and 49.30%, respectively, compared to the status quo conditions. These two indicators have decreased by 48.16 and 9.05%, respectively, compared to the first phase (the traditional method of only replacing all overflow nodes with storage tanks). The proposed framework enables decision-makers to evaluate the acceptability and reliability of the optimal management plan, taking into account their preferences and uncertainties.

Baicalein improves renal interstitial fibrosis by inhibiting the ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro.

Evidence indicates that Baicalein can ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing myofibroblast apoptosis and inhibit the RLS3-induced ferroptosis in melanocytes. However, the relationship between renal interstitial fibrosis and anti-ferroptosis affected by Baicalein remains unclear. In our study, the anti-fibrosis and anti-ferroptosis effects of Baicalein were assessed in a rat model induced by the UUO method in vivo, and the effects of Baicalein on Erastin-induced ferroptosis of renal MPC-5 cells were examined by Western blot of fibrosis-related and ferroptosis-related proteins in vitro. In the UUO-induced rat model, Baicalein decreased kidney weight loss, improved renal function assessed the biomarks of urinary albumin excretion, serum creatine, and BUN levels, and reduced renal tubular injury. Furthermore, Baicalein inhibited renal ferroptosis by reducing ROS and MDA levels and increasing SOD and GSH levels in the UUO rat model. In addition, Baicalein potently reduced the expression of fibrosis-related proteins such as TGF-ß1, a-SMA, and Smad-2 to prevent renal interstitial fibrosis, and increased the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins such as SLC7A11, GPX4, and FTH to inhibit ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, Baicalein exerts anti-fibrosis activity by reducing the ferroptosis response on the UUO-induced rat model and renal MPC5 cells. Therefore, Baicalein, as a novel therapeutic method on kidney diseases with strong activity in suppressing ferroptosis, could be a potential alternative treatment for renal interstitial fibrosis.

The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shenyan Oral Liquid I Against Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) leads to structural and functional abnormalities of the kidneys and seriously jeopardizes human health. Shenyan Oral Liquid (SOLI), a Chinese medicinal preparation, has been reported to protect podocytes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism of action of the Chinese medicinal preparation Senyan Oral Liquid (SOLI) in the treatment of CKD by protecting podocytes through network pharmacology technology and experimental validation. METHODS: Compounds of SOLI and targets of CKD disease were collected and screened. The SOLI network of bioactive compounds targeting CKD and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed using Cytoscape software and the STRING online database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the R software Cluster Profiler package. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock software to verify the binding ability of bioactive compounds and target genes. Subsequently, the potential mechanism of SOLI on CKD predicted by network pharmacological analysis was experimentally studied and verified in an adriamycin-induced nephropathy rat model. RESULTS: A total of 81 targets of SOLI components acting on CKD were identified. The results of the PPI analysis clarified that five key target genes (TNF, AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, and TP53) play a critical role in the treatment of CKD by SOLI. The GO analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that SOLI acts through multiple pathways, including the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway against CKD. Molecular docking showed that the main compounds of SOLI and five key genes had strong binding affinity. In a rat model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy, SOLI significantly ameliorated disease symptoms and improved renal histopathology. Mechanistic studies showed that SOLI upregulated the expression level of Nephrin, inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway in renal tissues, and ultimately suppressed the activation of autophagy-related proteins in CKD. CONCLUSION: SOLI exerted a renoprotective effect by regulating the Nephrin-PI3K/AKT autophagy signaling pathway, and these findings provide new ideas for the development of SOLI-based therapeutic approaches for CKD.

Influence of structure and functional group of modified kraft lignin on adsorption behavior of dye.

Utilization of kraft lignin to produce bio-based adsorptive material for effective dye adsorption from industrial wastewater is essential to fulfilling the significant environmental protection needs. Lignin is the most abundant byproduct material with a chemical structure containing various functional groups. However, the complicated chemical structure makes it somewhat hydrophobic and incompatible, which limits its direct application as an adsorption material. Chemical modification is a common way to enhance lignin properties. In this work, the kraft lignin was modified through direct amination using Mannich reaction and oxidization followed by amination as new route of lignin modification. The prepared lignins, including aminated lignin (AL), oxidized lignin (OL), and aminated-oxidized lignin (AOL), as well as unmodified kraft lignin, were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance measurements (1HNMR). The adsorption behaviors of modified lignins for the malachite green in aqueous solution were investigated well and discussed, as well as the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic equations. Compared with other aminated lignin (AL), the AOL displayed a high adsorption capacity of 99.1 % dye removal, due to its more effective functional groups. The change in structure and functional groups on the lignin molecules during oxidation and amination had no effect on its adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption process of malachite green on different kinds of lignin belongs to endothermic chemical adsorption, which mainly consists of monolayer adsorption. The modification of lignin through oxidation followed by amination process, afforded kraft lignin a broad potential application in the field of wastewater treatment.

Stimulation of atrazine degradation by activated carbon and cathodic effect in soil microbial fuel cell.

Soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been increasingly studied in recent years and have attracted significant attention as an environmentally sustainable bioelectrochemical technology. However, the poor conductivity of the soil matrix and the neglect of the cathodic function have limited its application. In this study, quartz sand and activated carbon were subjected to investigation on their influence on atrazine degradation. Atrazine was introduced in different layers (cathode, upper layer) to explore the cathodic effect on atrazine removal. The results revealed that activated carbon could reduce the internal resistance (693 Ω) and generate the highest power density (25.51 mW/m2) of the soil MFCs, and thus increase the removal efficiency (97.92%) of atrazine. The dynamic degradation profiles of atrazine were different for different adding layers. The cathode electrode acted as an electron donor could increase the distance of the effective influence of the soil MFCs' cathode from the middle to the cathode layer. The cathode (region) and the region close to the cathode could degrade atrazine with the atrazine removal efficiencies ranging from 60.67% to 92.79%, and the degradation ability of the cathode was stronger than that of other layers. The degradation effect followed the order: cathode > upper > lower > middle). Geobacter, Desulfobulbus, and Desulfuromonas belonging to the δ-Proteobacteria class were identified as the dominant electroactive microorganisms in the anode layer, while their relative abundances are quite low in the upper and cathode layers. Pseudomonas is an atrazine-degrading bacterium, but its relative abundance was only 0.13-0.51%. Thus, bioelectrochemistry rather than microbial degradation was the primary driving force.

Toward Large Second-Harmonic Generation and Deep-UV Transparency in Strongly Electropositive Transition Metal Sulfates.

The development of deep-ultraviolet (DUV)/solar-blind UV nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals simultaneously possessing wide UV transparency, strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) response, and suitable birefringence is a major challenge in advanced laser technology. We herein propose a "cation compensation" strategy for strong optical nonlinearity in inorganic solids that is exemplified by the introduction of strongly electropositive transition metals (TMs). Following this strategy, the first d0 TM UV-transparent NLO sulfates, MF2(SO4) (M = Zr (ZFSO), Hf (HFSO)), have been synthesized. Short UV cutoff edges of 206 nm and below 190 nm are observed for bulk ZFSO and HFSO crystals, respectively, together with the strongest powder SHG responses (3.2 × (ZFSO) and 2.5 × KDP (HFSO)) for solar-blind UV/DUV NLO sulfates, as well as suitable birefringence. This work provides a new and efficient approach to the development of urgently needed high-performance NLO materials for applications in the short-wavelength UV region.

Effects of organic substrates on sulfate-reducing microcosms treating acid mine drainage: Performance dynamics and microbial community comparison.

Bioremediation techniques utilizing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment have attracted growing attention in recent years, yet substrate bioavailability for SRB is a key factor influencing treatment effectiveness and long-term stability. This study investigated the effects of external organic substrates, including four complex organic wastes (i.e., sugarcane bagasse, straw compost, shrimp shell (SS), and crab shell (CS)) and a small-molecule organic acid (i.e., propionate), on AMD removal performance and associated microbial communities during the 30-day operation of sulfate-reducing microcosms. The results showed that the pH values increased in all five microcosms, while CS exhibited the highest neutralization ability and a maximum alkalinity generation of 1507 mg/L (as CaCO3). Sulfate reduction was more effective in SS and CS microcosms, with sulfate removal efficiencies of 95.6% and 86.0%, respectively. All sulfate-reducing microcosms could remove heavy metals to different degrees, with the highest removal rate of >99.0% observed for aluminum. The removal efficiency of manganese, the most recalcitrant metal, was the highest (96%) in the CS microcosm. Correspondingly, SRB was more abundant in the CS and SS microcosms as revealed by sequencing analysis, while Desulfotomaculum was the dominant SRB in the CS microcosm, accounting for 10.8% of total effective bacterial sequences. Higher abundances of functional genes involved in fermentation and sulfur cycle were identified in CS and SS microcosms. This study suggests that complex organic wastes such as CS and SS could create and maintain preferable micro-environments for active growth and metabolism of functional microorganisms, thus offering a cost-efficient, stable, and environmental-friendly solution for AMD treatment and management.

Quantitative calculation of stormwater regulation capacity and collaborative configuration of sponge facilities in urban high-density built-up areas.

Implemented in the frequent extreme rainstorms, aggravation of non-point source pollution, and complex drainage system of urban built-up area, sponge facility practices often intertwine with a very large number of hydro-environmental and socio-economic considerations and constraints. Due to the lack of basic and measured data, fragmented engineering design, more systematic and strategic approaches to address this multi-scale, and multi-parameter problem of practice allocation should be planned and optimized. In this study, a practical quantitative calculation method of stormwater regulation capacity in urban built-up areas is proposed. The details are as follows: the sub-catchment areas are divided by using the drainage pipe section editing function of Auto CAD and the regional analysis function of ArcGIS, and the stormwater regulation capacity in study area to be reconstructed is divided into four grades to define the water-sensitive areas according to the comprehensive runoff coefficient (α), which were excellent (α < 0.6), good (0.6 ≤ α < 0.7), medium (0.7 ≤ α < 0.8), and poor (α ≥ 0.8). The stormwater regulation capacity of green spaces is determined by empirical model calculation and soil moisture hydrograph field measurement. The measured soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in the study area was about 110 mm/h. The drainage capacity of the pipe networks was determined by the length of the overloaded pipe section. Under the conditions of 10a and 50a rainfall return period and 3-h rainfall duration simulated by SWMM, the length of the overloaded pipe section accounts for 33.0% and 40.8% of the total, respectively. Based on the identification of water-sensitive areas in urban high-density built-up areas, the quantitative calculation method of stormwater runoff regulation capacity was constructed through the calculation of the coupling coordination degree of "source-midway-terminal" infrastructures and the layout of storage tanks in the overloaded pipe section. These can estimate the current situation of stormwater regulation capacity of different sizes in urban built-up areas and formulate the optimized planning scheme of sponge reconstruction projects.

Isoreticular Design of KTiOPO4-Like Deep-Ultraviolet Transparent Materials Exhibiting Strong Second-Harmonic Generation.

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is of great technological importance for applications in nonlinear optics, but it remains challenging to engineer large SHG responses in the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) region owing to competing microstructure requirements. Herein, we report the first examples of d0 transition-metal-based (TM-based) deep-UV-transparent nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals MOF4H2 (M = Zr (ZOF), Hf (HOF)), which exhibit unprecedented short UV absorption edges (below 190 nm). Evolving from the KTiOPO4 (KTP) structure by an isoreticular node substitution strategy, the three-dimensional frameworks of ZOF and HOF consist of corner-sharing [MO2F6] moieties that are new functional units in deep-UV NLO material design, conferring wide UV transparency and strong phase-matchable SHG response (2.2 × KH2PO4 (ZOF) and 1.8 × KH2PO4 (HOF) at 1064 nm). Such d0-TM-based [MO2F6] polyhedra preclude deleterious d-d electronic transitions, resulting in significantly blue-shifted UV absorption edges of ZOF and HOF (<190 nm). The d0-TM-based [MO2F6] polyhedra introduced in this work offer a new perspective in the construction of deep-UV transparent NLO materials, demonstrating the feasibility of an isoreticular design strategy in developing functional NLO materials.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy applied to microbial fuel cells: A review.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an efficient and non-destructive test for analyzing the bioelectrochemical processes of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The key factors limiting the output performance of an MFC can be identified by quantifying the contribution of its various internal parts to the total impedance. However, little attention has been paid to the measurement conditions and diagrammatic processes of the EIS for MFC. This review, starting with the analysis of admittance of bioelectrode, introduces conditions for the EIS measurement and summarizes the representative equivalent circuit plots for MFC. Despite the impedance from electron transfer and diffusion process, the effect of unnoticeable capacitance obtained from the Nyquist plot on MFCs performance is evaluated. Furthermore, given that distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is an emerging method for deconvoluting EIS data in the field of fuel cell, the application of DRT-analysis to MFC is reviewed here to get insight into bioelectrode reactions and monitor the biofilm formation. Generally, EIS measurement is expected to optimize the construction and compositions of MFCs to overcome the low power generation.

Comprehensive analysis of waterlogging control and carbon emission reduction for optimal LID layout: a case study in campus.

Nowadays, sponge city reconstruction has become the focus of research because of the increasingly serious urban waterlogging. Carbon emission reduction, waterlogging area reduction, cost, and other indicators were considered to explore the optimal sponge allocation scheme in the study area. The two-dimensional coupled model MIKE FLOOD was established to analyze the causes of waterlogging through numerical simulation. Low-impact development (LID) combination scenarios were set to analyze the control effects of waterlogging water and total runoff. The carbon emission reduction capacity and economic benefit of each scenario were calculated and evaluated. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to comprehensively evaluate the LID combination scenario and explore the optimal cost-benefit LID configuration scheme. The results show that the campus rainwater pipe network is under overload operation, and the number of overflow nodes accounts for up to 58.1% under the 3a rainfall return periods. After setting up LID measures, the runoff control rate can be increased by 26.15-42.84%, and the waterlogging area where the depth exceeds 15 cm can be reduced by 72.87-100%. If the energy conservation and emission reduction benefits and costs are considered at the same time, the layout scenario of 9% bioretention facility + 3% green roof + 3% permeable pavement can achieve the best benefits. The research can provide a reference for planning and reconstruction of sponge campus and residential areas.

Accumulation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon impacted the performance and microbial ecology of bioretention systems.

Bioretention has been considered as an effective management practice for urban stormwater in the removal of pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the accumulation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in bioretention systems and their potential impact on the pollutants removal performance and microbial ecology are still not fully understood. In this study, comparisons of treatment effectiveness, enzyme activity and microbial community in bioretention systems with different types of media amendments were carried out at different spiking levels of pyrene (PYR). The results showed that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen in the bioretention systems were negatively impacted by the PYR levels. The relative activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were increasingly inhibited by the elevated PYR level, indicating the declining microbial activity regarding organic matter decomposition. The spiking of PYR negatively affected microbial diversity, and distinct time- and influent-dependent changes in microbial communities were observed. The relative abundance of PAH-degrading microorganisms increased in PYR-spiked systems, while the abundance of nitrifiers decreased. The addition of media amendments was beneficial for the enrichment of microorganisms that are more resistant to PYR-related stress, therefore elevating the COD concentration removal rate by ∼50%. This study gives new insight into the multifaceted impacts of HMW PAH accumulation on microbial fingerprinting and enzyme activities, which may provide guidance on better stormwater management practices via bioretention in terms of improved system longevity and performance.

A Lanthanum Ammonium Sulfate Double Salt with a Strong SHG Response and Wide Deep-UV Transparency.

The targeted synthesis of deep-ultraviolet (deep-UV) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, especially those with non-π-conjugated sulfates, has experienced considerable difficulties due to the need to reconcile the oft-competing requirements for deep-UV transparency and strong second-harmonic generation (SHG). We report herein the designed synthesis of the first rare-earth metal-based deep-UV sulfate La(NH4 )(SO4 )2 by a double-salt strategy involving introduction of complementary cations, together with optical studies that reveal a short-wavelength deep-UV absorption edge (below 190 nm) and the strongest SHG response among deep-UV NLO sulfates (2.4×KDP). Theoretical calculations and crystal structure analysis suggest that the excellent balance between SHG response and deep-UV transparency can be attributed to a synergistic interaction of the hetero-cations La3+ and [NH4 ]+ , which optimize alignment of the [SO4 ] tetrahedra and highly polarizable [LaO8 ] polyhedra.

Serum-derived exosomes containing NEAT1 promote the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis through regulation of miR-144-3p/ROCK2 axis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could be delivered efficiently to recipient cells using exosomes as a carrier. Additionally, long ncRNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) is emerging as a vital regulatory molecule in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to identify the NEAT1/miR-144-3p/Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) functional network regulating the WNT signaling pathway in RA. METHODS: In vivo, a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was established to analyze the effects of blood exosomes on the incidence, clinical score, and bone degradation of RA. In vitro, the CD4+T cells were characterized by flow cytometry and the cell activities were analyzed in the presence of exosome treatment alone or in combination with altered expression of NEAT1, miR-144-3p or Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2). The expression of NEAT1, miR-144-3p, ROCK2, and corresponding proteins in the WNT signaling pathway was detected by RT-qPCR and western blot techniques. The binding profile of NEAT1 to miR-144-3p was evaluated via a combination approach of luciferase activity assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down experiments. RESULTS: Blood exosomes extracted from RA patients increased the incidence of RA and bone destruction significantly. Overexpression of NEAT1 or ROCK2 promoted immune cell (CD4+T cells) proliferation, Th17 cell differentiation, and cell migration in response to stimulus, whereas knockout of the NEAT1 gene induced the expression of miR-144-3p in CD4+T cells. ROCK2 exogenous expression inhibited the expression of miR-144-3p, inducing activation of the WNT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: A novel regulatory pathway NEAT1/miR-144-3p/ROCK2/WNT in RA was investigated as a potential target for RA therapy.

Gold nanoparticles decorated bimetallic CuNi-based hollow nanoarchitecture for the enhancement of electrochemical sensing performance of nitrite.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated bimetallic CuNi-based hollow nanoarchitecture (CNHN) are reported for the first time as a nonenzymatic sensor for the quantification of nitrite in neutral solution . The CNHN was prepared via a convenient calcining routine using the bimetallic CuNi-MOFs as a coprecursor. The unique chemical structure of hollow CNHN with high specific surface area and abundant terminal amino groups effectively avoid the aggregation of AuNPs and facilitate the subsequent adsorption of nitrite. The Au/CNHN exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards nitrite oxidation due to the synergetic catalytic effect of AuNPs and CNHN. Chronoamperometric detection of nitrite at the Au/CNHN/GCE achieved a lower linear calibration range of 0.05 to 1.15 mM, with an LOD of 0.017 µM compared with previous reports. The proposed method obtained satisfactory recoveries for nitrite determination in practical applications, which was verified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The prepared sensor based on Au/CNHN featured favorable selectivity and stability, which provides a promising approach for real sample analysis. Graphical abstract.

An UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of the Components of Shenyanyihao Oral Solution in Rat Plasma.

OBJECTIVES: To study the quantification of the components in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenyanyihao oral solution. METHODS: Shenyanyihao oral solution has been traditionally used for the treatments of chronic nephritis in clinics. Stachydrine, Danshensu, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, plantamajoside, aesculetin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, baicalin, and baicalein are regarded as the main compounds in Shenyanyihao oral solution. A sensitive, efficient, and precise UPLC-MS/MS method was established and validated for the quantification of the components in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenyanyihao oral solution. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the components were acquired based on the analysis of the plasma sample by a noncompartmental method using the WinNonlin7.0 pharmacokinetic program. Danshensu, protocatechuic acid, isoquercitrin, and ferulic acid from Shenyanyihao oral solution were quickly absorbed, and their peak concentration occurred at less than 0.5 h. The pharmacokinetic parameter of the average t 1/2 from Danshensu was 3.91 h in rats, and it was the most rapid distribution and elimination among the components. In addition, the C max of stachydrine and baicalin were revealed as the higher plasma concentrations in rats. CONCLUSIONS: This pharmacokinetic study seems to be useful for a further clinical study of Shenyanyihao oral solution in the treatments of chronic nephritis.

Recent advances in sensors for electrochemical analysis of nitrate in food and environmental matrices.

Nitrate is one of the most common contaminants in food and the environment and mainly arises from intense human activities. Electrochemical sensors have been considered as one of the most promising analytical tools for the rapid detection of nitrate in food and environmental matrices due to their quick response, high sensitivity, ease of operation and miniaturisation, and low sample and power consumption. In this review, we summarise advances in sensors for electrochemical analysis of nitrate over the past decade. We also discuss the application of electrochemical sensing systems for the determination of nitrate in the matrices of fresh water, seawater, food, soil and particulate matter.

Remediation and accumulation characteristics of dissolved pollutants for stormwater in improved bioretention basins.

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are more mobile/bioavailable, and are captured via different mechanisms than particles. Column-scale bioretention basins are constructed by filling different media, which is used to study the remediation and accumulation characteristics of dissolved pollutants by improved bioretention basins (increased infiltration and adsorption capacity of the media). The media factor (ratio of specific surface area to cubic of porosity) is used to characterize the basic properties of different media, while considering the key factors: infiltration capacity, inflow concentration, recurrence interval, discharge ratio, antecedent dry period, and rainfall duration. The results showed that stormwater pollutants load reduction rate decreased with the increase of recurrence interval and discharge ratio, and increased with the increase of inflow concentration. Based on response surface methodology (RSM), a quantitative relationship model between major pollutants and influencing factors were established (R2 > 0.715), which can be used to estimate the design and operation of the media. By detecting changes in media carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, the results showed that partial pollutants leaching were greater than their accumulation in the initial stage of system operation, and their contents in the media reduced during simulated rainfall. After the pollution contents tend to stabilize, the accumulated pollutants were greater than the leaching, and media pollution contents showed the trend of upper > middle > lower (corresponding to the 10, 35, and 60 cm sections of the media from top to bottom). Six enzymes closely related to the accumulation and migration of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in the media were selected. Pearson correlation analysis found that: the significant correlations between the selected enzyme activity and pollutants were not consistent in bioretention system. For example, catalase was significantly correlated with all the pollutants (P < 0.01), whereas acid phosphatase was not significantly correlated with all the pollutants.

Zishenwan Decreases Kidney Damage in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection through the Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signal.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of Zishenwan on pyelonephritis rats. METHODS: In the rat model of pyelonephritis, protective effects of Zishenwan, the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIg A), and interleukins were detected by ELISA. The expressions of TLR4-NFκB pathway were detected by Western blot in renal and urinary tract mucosa. The protective effect and influence on TLR4-NFκB pathway of Zishenwan were studied. RESULTS: Zishenwan protected rats from pyelonephritis which related to the increase of SIgA, the regulation of interleukins, and the inhibition of TLR4-NFκB pathway. Serum containing Zishenwan can significantly decrease LPS-induced expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NFκB in vitro. And the inhibition of TLR4 signal by Zishenwan related to the degradation of TRAF3 and TRAF6. CONCLUSIONS: Zishenwan protected rats from urinary tract infection by clearance of bacteria and decrease of tissue damage. 20S proteasomes mediated the degradation of TRAF3 which is important to the decrease of tissue damage from Zishenwan.