ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The fear of social and professional consequences is a significant barrier to medication error reporting among nurses. Although some studies have identified cultural factors as playing a significant role in medication error reporting, little is known about the mechanisms by which these cultural characteristics influence the relationship between patient safety emphasis and the fear of medication error reporting. OBJECTIVES: (1) Identify nurses' perceptions of patient safety emphasis, face-saving, power distance, and fear of medication error reporting; and (2) explore face-saving and power distance as the underlying mechanisms for cultural factors in the relationship between nurses' perceptions of safety emphasis and the fear of medication error reporting. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. SETTINGS: Three tertiary teaching hospitals located in China, including one children's hospital and two adult hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: We recruited a total of 569 female registered nurses with at least one year of work experience. Most of the participants (73.8%) were junior nurses with mid-associate or associate degrees (55.4%). METHODS: Participants completed four questionnaires, including Safety Emphasis subscales from the Safety Climate Scale, Face-Saving Scale, the Index of Hierarchy of Authority, and the Nurses' Fear of Medication Error Reporting. RESULTS: The average scores of safety emphasis, face-saving, power distance, and the fear of medication error reporting were 20.27 (SD=2.36), 14.63 (SD=3.57), 17.36 (SD=3.49), and 18.92 (SD=4.20), respectively. There were no demographic characteristics associated with these variables, except education (B=-0.16, p = 0.013) and work experience (B=-0.14, p = 0.019), which were related to power distance. Face-saving and power distance were significant mediators that explained the effect of safety emphasis on nurses' fear of medication error reporting. The overall indirect effect for both mediators was statistically significant (ß=-0.27, p<0.05). When we compared the specific mediators' indirect effects, face-saving was a more powerful mediator than power distance (ß=-0.24 vs. ß=-0.04). These mediation effects remained after we adjusted for the effects of education and work experience on power distance. CONCLUSIONS: When nurses have a common cultural background, they tend to perceive similar barriers to medication error reporting. For this study, face-saving and power distance are the two most important cultural factors because they significantly influence the relationship between safety emphasis and the fear of medication error reporting among Chinese nurses. It may not be possible to develop a work culture that minimizes fears of medication error reporting without first addressing face-saving needs and power differences.
