Machine learning-based predictive analysis of total polar compounds (TPC) content in frying oils: A comprehensive electrochemical study of 6 types of frying oils with various frying timepoints.

Standard approaches to determining the total polar compounds (TPC) content in frying oils such as the chromatographic techniques are slow, bulky, and expensive. This paper presents the electrochemical analysis of 6 types of frying oils inclusive of 52 frying timepoints, without sample preparation. This is achieved via impedance spectroscopy to capture sample-specific electrical polarization states. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first-of-its-kind comprehensive study of various types of frying oils, with progressively increasing frying timepoints for each type. The principal component analysis distinguishes the frying timepoints well for all oil types. TPC prediction follows, involving supervised machine learning with sample-wise leave-one-out implementation. The R2 values and mean absolute errors across the test samples measure 0.93-0.97 and 0.43-1.19 respectively. This work serves as a reference for electrochemical analysis of frying oils, with the potential for portable TPC predictors for rapid accurate screening of frying oils.

Increased Consumption of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Improves Body Composition in a Hypercholesterolemic Chinese Population.

While an increase in fat intake and the resulting excess calorie intake are implicated in weight gain, different fat types exert variable effects on body composition, with unsaturated fats showing favorable effects on body composition in Western population. Whether and to what extent these associations apply to Asian population have not been established. We investigated the effects of two separate Asian-based oil blends, rich in unsaturated fats, made from refined rice bran, sesame, and flaxseed oils, in comparison with refined olive oil, on body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), from an 8-week, parallel design, randomized trial in 66 men (58.7 ± 5.71 years old, 23.0 ± 2.38 kg/m2) and 69 postmenopausal women (59.1 ± 5.34 years old, 21.7 ± 2.52 kg/m2), with borderline hypercholesterolemia. Despite increases in mean daily intakes of total energy (approximately +400 kcal/day, female, and approximately +240 kcal/day, male), as well as increases in percentage of calories from fats and proteins and decreases in percentage of calories from carbohydrates during the dietary intervention period, there were no significant changes in total body fat mass in both genders and also in all treatment groups. While total body weight increased slightly (0.36 ± 0.12 kg, p = 0.005) in women during intervention, this was mainly due to gain in lean mass (0.38 ± 0.081 kg, p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, there were reductions in total body fat (%), android fat (%), and gynoid fat (%) in women. No significant differences between the 3 intervention oil types were found in any of the measured parameters in either gender. Increasing relative intakes of unsaturated fats may prevent fat mass gain and circumvent muscle mass loss associated with menopause in older Asian women. Long-term studies are needed to confirm findings. This study had been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier No.: NCT03964857, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03964857).

Gut microbiome responses to dietary intervention with hypocholesterolemic vegetable oils.

Hypercholesterolemia is becoming a problem with increasing significance. Dietary vegetable oils may help to improve this condition due to presence of phytonutrients with potentially synergistic cholesterol-lowering effects. The objective of this 8-week double-blinded randomized clinical trial was to investigate the effects of consuming 30 g of two different blended cooking oils, rich in omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and phytonutrients, or refined olive oil on the intestinal microbiota in 126 volunteers with borderline hypercholesterolemia. Multi-factor analysis of relationships between the gut microbiota composition at various taxonomic ranks and the clinical trial parameters revealed the association between beneficial effects of the dietary intervention on the blood lipid profile with abundance of Clostridia class of the gut microbiota. This microbiota feature was upregulated in the course of the dietary intervention and associated with various plasma markers of metabolic health status, such as Triglycerides, Apolipoprotein B and Total Cholesterol to HDL ratio in a beneficial way. The relative abundance of a single species-Clostridium leptum-highly increased during the dietary intervention in all the three study groups. The oil blend with the highest concentration of omega-3 PUFA is associated with faster and more robust responses of the intestinal microbiota, including elevation of alpha-diversity. Butyrate production is being discussed as a plausible process mediating the observed beneficial influence on the plasma lipid profile. Causal mediation analysis suggested that Clostridium genus rather than the higher rank of the phylogeny-Clostridia class-may be involved in the diet-induced improvements of the blood lipid profile.

Two Blends of Refined Rice Bran, Flaxseed, and Sesame Seed Oils Affect the Blood Lipid Profile of Chinese Adults with Borderline Hypercholesterolemia to a Similar Extent as Refined Olive Oil.

BACKGROUND: Individual vegetable oils have a characteristic fatty acids (FA) composition and unique phytonutrient profiles, enabling formulation of oil blends that may have health-promoting effects. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate effects of 2 oil blends made with refined rice bran, flaxseed, and sesame oils, with distinct monounsaturated to saturated FA, polyunsaturated to saturated FA, and omega-3 (n-3) to omega-6 FA ratios and different phytonutrient concentrations on blood lipid profile, compared with refined olive oil as a control. The secondary outcomes were other markers of cardiometabolic health. METHODS: A parallel-design, randomized controlled trial compared consumption of 30 g of allocated intervention oil per day for a period of 8 wk. The study recruited 143 borderline hypercholesterolemic (LDL cholesterol: 3.06-4.51 mmol/L) Chinese volunteers between 50 and 70 y old and with a BMI (kg/m2) ≤27.5. All outcomes were measured every 2 wk, and the time × treatment interactions and the main effects of treatment and time were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: Compared with baseline (week 0), there were significant reductions during the post-intervention time points in serum total cholesterol (-3.47%; P < 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (-4.16%; P < 0.0001), triglycerides (-10.3%; P < 0.0001), apoB (-3.93%; P < 0.0001), total to HDL-cholesterol (-3.44%; P < 0.0001) and apoB to apoA1 (-3.99%; P < 0.0001) ratios, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (-3.32% and -3.16%, respectively; both P < 0.0001), and serum glucose (-1.51%; P < 0.05) and a small but significant increase in body weight (+0.7%; P < 0.001) for all 3 intervention oils but no effects of intervention on HDL-cholesterol or apoA1 concentration. No significant effects of treatment or time × treatment interactions were found. CONCLUSIONS: Using blended vegetable oils that are extensively consumed in Asia, this study found that specific oil blends can improve blood lipid profile and other cardiometabolic parameters, to a similar extent as refined olive oil, in Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03964857.

Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells.

The acute oral toxicity of 1-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate) and 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD dipalmitate) in Swiss mice were examined, along with their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. LD50 (median lethal dose) value of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was determined 2676.81 mg/kg body weight (BW). The results showed that 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate dose-dependently decreased the mean body weight, and caused significant increase of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine in dead mice compared to the control and survived mice. Major histopathological changes in mice fed 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate were renal tubular necrosis, protein casts and spermatids decrease in the seminiferous tubules. According to the limit test for 3-MCPD dipalmitate, LD50 value of 3-MCPD dipalmitate was presumed to be greater than 5000 mg/kg BW. Obvious changes were not observed on mean body weight, absolute and relative organ weight or serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in mice fed 3-MCPD dipalmitate. However, renal tubular necrosis, protein casts and spermatids decrease were also observed in the dead mice. In addition, MTT and LDH assay results only showed the cytotoxicity of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate in NRK-52E rat kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner. Together, the results indicated a greater toxicity of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate compared to 3-MCPD dipalmitate.