The effect of slurries on lapping performance of fixed abrasive pad for Si3N4 ceramics.

In this paper, a series of experiments were carried out to explore the effect of slurry pH on materials removal rate (MRR) and surface quality in lapping of Si3N4 ceramics wafers with fixed abrasive pad (FAP) using different slurries with different pH. Then, the scanning electron microscope was employed to detect the microtopography and abrade smooth of FAP for exploring the effect of slurries pH on self-conditioning of pad. Experimental results demonstrated that the roughness of wafers increase with the increasing of slurry pH value. The surface of wafers is the best when the pH = 1 and the worst When the pH = 13. The MRR decreases firstly and then decreases with the increasing of the pH. The MRR reaches the lowest when slurry pH = 7, and reaches the highest when slurry pH = 13. These results further suggest that the soften layer of SiO2 could be formed due to the reactions between water and materials on wafer surface, which facilitates increasing material remove rate and improving the surface quality. The hydrogen ion and triethanolamine in slurry could react with the copper in fixed abrasive pad, which also could enhance the materials remove rate and affect the surface quality.

Clinical significance of HER2 positivity in gallbladder adenocarcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

Objective@#To study the clinical significance of HER2 overexpression and/or amplification in gallbladder adenocarcinoma.@*Methods@#HER2 staining was performed on 123 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma specimens by IHC using scoring criteria for gastric cancer. FISH test was performed on the IHC score 2+ and 3+ cases and the results were correlated with clinicopathological findings.@*Results@#In total of 123 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinomas, HER2 amplification detection rate was 22.0%(27/123). Among 27 cases with HER2 gene amplification, 5 cases were IHC 2+ (5/12) and 22 cases were IHC 3+ (91.7%, 22/24), and the concordance rates between IHC and FISH were 41.7%and 91.7% respectively. The heterogeneity of HER2 expression was observed in 3 cases with complete strong cell membrane staining but the number of stained cells of<10%.Among them, 1 case showed HER2 gene amplification. The difference of HER2 gene amplification in well, moderately and lowly differentiated tumors has statistical significance(χ2=24.4, P<0.01), and its detection rate was related to the degree of tumor differentiation (C=0.45).@*Conclusions@#About 20% gallbladder adenocarcinomas have HER2 positivity, providing the targeted therapy implicationfor these patients.IHC HER2 scoring system for gastric carcinoma is suitable for gallbladder carcinoma. However, the cases with complete strong membrane staining but in <10% tumor cells should be included in the 2+ score IHC group.

Nanosizing of poorly water soluble compounds using rotation/revolution mixer.

In this study, nanoparticles of various poorly water soluble compounds were prepared by wet milling that was carried out using a rotation/revolution mixer and zirconia balls. To be compared with Beads mill, rotation/revolution mixer has superior in very quick process (5 min) and needs very few amounts of zirconia balls (2.4 g) for pulverizing drugs to nanometer range. Phenytoin, indomethacin, nifedipine, danazol, and naproxen were selected as the standard poorly water soluble compounds. Various parameters of the rotation/revolution mixer were studied to decide the optimal pulverization conditions for the production of nanoparticles of the abovementioned compounds. The rotation/revolution speed, shape of the mixing vessel, amount of zirconia balls, and volume of the vehicle (methylcellulose solution) mainly affected the pulverization of the compounds. Using the mixer, phenytoin could be pulverized to nanoparticles within a few minutes. The particle size was confirmed by using a scanning electron microscope and a particle size analyzer. The crystallinity of the pulverized phenytoin particles was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that the pulverized phenytoin particles retained their crystallinity, and amorphous phenytoin was not detected. Particles of other poorly water soluble compounds were also reduced to the nanometer range by using this method.

Significance of COX-2 expression in benign and malignant breast diseases / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of COX-2 in benign and malignant breast disease,and the relationship among COX-2 expression and the clinicopathologic factors,hormone receptors.Methods Immunohistochemistry Was used to investigate the expression and distribution of COX-2 in 8 accessory.breasts,31 BPBDs(15 in adnosis,16 in fibroadnoma),70 IDCs(35 of them accompany with DCIS);The relationships between the expression of COX-2 and hormone receptor(ER and PR),C-erbB-2.and the clinicopathologic factors were studied respectively.Results①The expression of COX-2 in various kinds mammary diseases:8 accessory breasts were all negative;the positive rate of COX-2 in BPBD was 96.5%(30/31),among these,the positive rate of COX-2 in adnosis was 93.3%(14/15),and in fibroadnonm was 100%(16/16).The positive rate of COX-2 in DCIS was 85.7%(30/35).The intensity of COX-2 expression in DCIS of periph-IDC was higher than that in corresponding carcinoma.The positive rate of COX-2 in IDC Was 84.3%(59/70),the expression of COX-2 Was different among non-cancer gland.②COX-2 expression in BPBD was obviously higher compared with COX-2 in IDC,the difference was significant in statistics(χ2=9.39,P＜0.025).③The expression of COX-2 in DCIS was correlative with low histological differentiation(χ2=10.98,P＜0.005),PR negative(P=0.019,Fisher exact probability),and C-erbB-2 positive(P=0.0008,Fisher exact probability).The expression of COX-2 in IDC was correlative with lymph node metastasis(χ2=4.09,P＜0.05),tissue poorly differentiated(P=0.004,Fisher exact probability),PR negative(χ2=6.91,P＜0.01)and C-erbB-2 positive(χ2=5.94,P＜0.025).Conclusion COX-2 does not express in normal mammary gland.It is high-expressed in BPBD,DCIS and IDC;These indicate the up-regulation of COX-2 expression not only participates in breast carcinogenesis,but also promotes its metastasis and progression,and suggests COX-2 may down-regulate reactivity of endocrine thempy by participating in therapy resistance of PR negative breast cancer.