ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Few studies have reported the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and immunoglobulins. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum immunoglobulin levels and NAFLD in a Chinese adult population. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study including 11 261 Chinese adults. NAFLD was diagnosed based on the Chinese Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of fatty liver diseases and an alcohol intake of <70 g/week in women and <140 g/week in men, and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were determined using immune nephelometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to assess relationships between concentrations of serum immunoglobulins and NAFLD. RESULTS: Of the 11 261 adults recruited from January 2010 to December 2015, the prevalence of NAFLD was 40.8% (n = 4598). The geometric mean levels of IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA were 1177.49 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] 1173.07-1181.93), 93.56 mg/dL (95% CI 92.70-94.42), 30.70 IU/mL (95% CI 29.92-31.49) and 216.64 mg/dL (95% CI 214.95-218.34), respectively. Compared with the lowest quintile, the multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of NAFLD for the highest quintile of IgG, IgM, IgE, and IgA were 0.78 (0.66-0.92), 0.71 (0.60-0.84), 0.98 (0.84-1.15) and 1.41 (1.21-1.66), respectively. CONCLUSION: Increased IgA and decreased IgG and IgM levels are independently associated with NAFLD prevalence. Further research is needed to explore the causal association between serum immunoglobulins and NAFLD.
Subject(s)
Immunoglobulins/blood , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/blood , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin A/blood , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnostic imaging , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: CpG island hypermethylation in promoter region of E-cadherin (E-cad) gene plays an important role in tumorigenesis of many tumors. This study was to explore the correlation of E-cadherin hypermethylation to tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer. METHODS: Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to detect the methylation of E-cad gene in 41 specimens of gastric cancer, 40 specimens of premalignant gastric lesions and 38 specimens of normal gastric tissues. The expression of E-cad protein was detected by SP immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The positive rate of E-cad gene methylation was significantly higher in gastric cancer than in premalignant lesions and normal tissues (19.5% vs. 2.5% and 0.0%, P<0.05). The positive rate of E-cad protein was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissues than in premalignant lesions and normal tissues (70.7% vs. 97.5% and 100.0%, P<0.05). The positive rate of E-cad gene methylation was significantly higher in poorly differentiated cancer tissues than in well differentiated cancer tissues (43.8% vs. 4.0%, P<0.05), significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (33.3% vs. 5.0%, P<0.05), and significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues with serosa invasion than in those without serosa invasion (35.0% vs. 4.8%, P<0.05). The positive rate of E-cad protein was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissues with E-cad gene methylation than in those without E-cad gene methylation (0.0% vs. 87.9%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CpG island hypermethylation of E-cad gene exists in gastric cancer, which down-regulates E-cad expression and might be involved in tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer.
