Graphene-enhanced lateral photovoltaic effect observed in the Ag nanoparticle-covered graphene/n-type silicon.

Graphene is a kind of two-dimensional material with a single-layer carbon structure and has been investigated in many high-performance photodetectors. The lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) is widely used in the position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) owing to its linear response of photovoltage to the light position. In this Letter, a type of graphene-enhanced LPE is observed in the Ag nanoparticle-covered graphene/n-type Si. The LPE sensitivity can reach 97.3 mV/mm, much higher than the sensitivity of 1.3 mV/mm in the control sample of Ag/Si and 5.2 mV/mm of graphene/Si. Based on the photocarriers' diffusion mechanism, tailoring a photocarrier transfer at the interface of a heterojunction plays a key role for the enhancement. These findings exhibit great application potential of graphene in the field of PSDs and offer an effective method for the optimization of LPE devices.

Epsilon-poly-l-lysine alleviates brown blotch disease of postharvest Agaricus bisporus mushrooms by directly inhibiting Pseudomonas tolaasii and inducing mushroom disease resistance.

The natural antimicrobial peptide, epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL), is widely acknowledged as a food preservative. However, its potential in managing bacterial brown blotch disease in postharvest edible mushrooms and the associated mechanism remain unexplored. In this study, concentrations of ε-PL ≥ 150 mg L-1 demonstrated significant inhibition effects, restraining over 80% of growth and killed over 99% of Pseudomonas tolaasii (P. tolaasii). This inhibition effect occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The in vivo findings revealed that treatment with 150 mg L-1 ε-PL effectively inhibited P. tolaasii-caused brown blotch disease in Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) mushrooms. Plausible mechanisms underlying ε-PL's action against P. tolaasii in A. bisporus involve: (i) damaging the cell morphology and membrane integrity, and increasing uptake of propidium iodide and leakage of cellular components of P. tolaasii; (ii) interaction with intracellular proteins and DNA of P. tolaasii; (iii) inhibition of P. tolaasii-induced activation of polyphenol oxidase, elevation of antioxidative enzyme activities, stimulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzyme activities and metabolite production, and augmentation of pathogenesis-related protein contents in A. bisporus mushrooms. These findings suggest promising prospects for the application of ε-PL in controlling bacterial brown blotch disease in A. bisporus.

Mixed methods research on satisfaction with athletes' compensation.

This study explores the factors influencing athletes' compensation satisfaction and their configuration effects. A mixed research approach that combines regression analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was applied to process the survey data of 352 athletes from six provinces. The regression analysis results demonstrate that economic compensation, the compensation system, the external environment, and compensation fairness all have a significant positive effect on athletes' compensation satisfaction. Accordingly, the fsQCA approach was applied to explore the combined effects of the factors influencing athletes' compensation satisfaction, which verifies the conclusions drawn from regression analysis and provides improvement paths for increasing athletes' compensation satisfaction.

Patulin induces ROS-dependent cardiac cell toxicity by inducing DNA damage and activating endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway.

Patulin (PAT) is one of the mycotoxins commonly found in agricultural products and fruits, and has obvious toxic effects on animals and humans. PAT has been found to cause myocardial toxicity and oxidative damage, but the mechanism of myocardial toxicity remained to be elucidated. We investigated the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of PAT on human cardiomyocytes and explored the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on them. The study showed that treatment with PAT for 24 h decreased cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased ROS and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Moreover, in addition to detecting increased γ-H2AX expression and observing nuclear damage, the comet assay also showed increased DNA tail distance in the PAT-treated group, followed by an increase in phosphorylation of the p53 protein and p21 protein expression, and a decrease in CDK1 and Cyclin B1 protein expression, and G2/M phase arrest. In addition, PAT induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by Ca2+ increase, ER enlargement and swelling, and upregulation of ERS-related genes and proteins expression, and increased expression of three apoptotic pathway proteins under ERS, including CHOP, JNK, and caspase-12. Meanwhile, N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger) reversed the negative effects of PAT treatment on cells. These results clarify that excessive ROS production by PAT-treated AC16 cells not only causes DNA damage, leading to cell cycle arrest, but also causes ERS, which triggers apoptotic pathways to cause apoptosis.

Sleep-dependent consolidation effects on foreign language word acquisition in a virtual reality environment.

Sleep-dependent consolidation is important for novel word learning, but previous studies have neglected the potential modulating role of learning environments. The present study examines sleep-dependent consolidation effects by comparing learning in a virtual reality (VR) environment and in a traditional picture-word (PW) environment. Two groups of Chinese-English bilinguals were randomly assigned to a VR or PW environment. In both learning environments, they learned novel words in Korean, a language with which they had no prior experience. All participants learned one set of novel words on Day 1 and another set on Day 2. An explicit recognition task and an implicit primed lexical-decision task were employed to measure sleep-dependent consolidation effects from the two environments. Results revealed sleep-dependent consolidation effects in both explicit and implicit measures, but only the primed lexical-decision task showed an influence of learning environment, suggesting that novel words learned via VR had better consolidation. Taken together, our findings suggest that a VR environment that fosters a rich sensory experience facilitates sleep-dependent consolidation effects. We argue that these results provide new evidence and implications for the complementary learning system (CLS) model.

Effects of cold water immersion after exercise on fatigue recovery and exercise performance--meta analysis.

Cold water immersion (CWI) is very popular as a method reducing post-exercise muscle stiffness, eliminating fatigue, decreasing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and recovering sports performance. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether CWI functions positively or negatively. The mechanisms of CWI are still not clear. In this systematic review, we used meta-analysis aims to examine the effect of CWI on fatigue recovery after high-intensity exercise and exercise performance. A total of 20 studies were retrieved and included from PubMed, PEDro and Elsevier databases in this review. Publication years of articles ranged from 2002 to 2022. In selected studies including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and Crossover design (COD). Analyses of subjective indicators such as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and objective indicators such as countermovement jump (CMJ) and blood plasma markers including creatine kinase(CK), lactate/lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), C-reactive protein(CRP), and IL-6 were performed. Pooled data showed as follows: CWI resulted in a significant decline in subjective characteristics (delayed-onset muscle soreness and perceived exertion at 0 h); CWI reduced countermovement jump(CMJ) significantly at 0 h, creatine kinase(CK) was lowered at 24 h, and lactate at 24 and 48 h. There was no evidence that CWI affects C-reactive protein(CRP) and IL-6 during a 48-h recovery period. Subgroup analysis revealed that different CWI sites and water temperatures have no effect on post-exercise fatigue recovery. Recommended athletes immersed in cold water immediately after exercise, which can effectively reduce muscle soreness and accelerate fatigue recovery.

An Artificial Neural Network Model Combined with Dietary Retinol Intake from Different Sources to Predict the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model combined with dietary retinol intake from different sources to predict the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in American adults.@*METHODS@#Data from the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014 were analyzed. Eligible subjects ( n = 6,613) were randomly divided into a training set ( n 1 = 4,609) and a validation set ( n 2 = 2,004) at a ratio of 7:3. The training set was used to identify predictors of NAFLD risk using logistic regression analysis. An ANN was established to predict the NAFLD risk using a training set. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the model using the training and validation sets.@*RESULTS@#Our study found that the odds ratios ( ORs) and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) of NAFLD for the highest quartile of plant-derived dietary retinol intake (i.e., provitamin A carotenoids, such as β-carotene) ( OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.99) were inversely associated with NAFLD risk, compared to the lowest quartile of intake, after adjusting for potential confounders. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.874 and 0.883 for the training and validation sets, respectively. NAFLD occurs when its incidence probability is greater than 0.388.@*CONCLUSION@#The ANN model combined with plant-derived dietary retinol intake showed a significant effect on NAFLD. This could be applied to predict NAFLD risk in the American adult population when government departments formulate future health plans.

Molecular genetic characteristics of a family which coinheritance of rare-88 C>G (HBB:c.-138 C>G) β-thalassemia mutation with α-thalassemia and review of the literature / 中华预防医学杂志

The molecular genetic characteristics of a family with rare -88 C>G (HBB: c.-138 C>G) β-thalassemia gene mutation were studied using cohort study. The cohort study was conducted from June to August 2022 by Prenatal Diagnosis Center of Sanya Women and Children's Hospital Managed by Shanghai Children's Medical Center. The phenotype and genotype were analyzed by hematological cytoanalyzer, automatic electrophoretic analysis system, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). And then, Sanger sequencing was used to verify the rare gene results. The results showed that the proband, her father, her uncle and her younger male cousin had discrete microcytosis (MCV 70.1 fl, 71.9 fl, 73.1 fl and 76.6 fl, respectively) and hypochromia (MCH 21.5 pg,22.0 pg,22.6 pg and 23.5 pg, respectively), elevated hemoglobin A2 level (5.3%, 5.4%, 5.4% and 5.5%, respectively), slightly elevated or normal fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), but no anemia. The proband was identified to have co-inherited ɑ-thalassemia (Hb Westmead gene heterozygous mutation, ɑwsɑ/ɑɑ) and β-thalassemia with a rare -88 C>G (HBB: c.-138 C>G) heterozygous mutation (β-88 C>G/βN). Her mother had the same α-thalassemia as the proband. Her father, her uncle and her younger male cousin had the same rare -88 C>G heterozygous mutations as the proband. While her grandmother and younger brother were not carrier of thalassemia. In conclusion, 4 cases of rare -88 C>G(HBB:c.-138 C>G) heterozygous mutation had been detected in a Chinese family. Carriers of this beta-thalassemia are clinically asymptomatic. This study enriches the knowledge of the thalassemia mutation spectrum in Chinese people and provides valuable information for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and prevention of thalassemia, providing a scientific basis for improving the quality of birth population and preventing birth defects.

Coptisine attenuates post­infectious IBS via Nrf2­dependent inhibition of the NLPR3 inflammasome.

Inhibition of the activation of the NLR family pyrin domain­containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has previously been reported to confer protection against post­infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI­IBS). Coptisine, the second most abundant isoquinoline alkaloid in Coptis chinensis, can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation; however, whether coptisine exhibits protective effects against PI­IBS remains unclear. In the present study, coptisine significantly reduced gastrointestinal motility and abdominal withdrawal reflex scores in a PI­IBS rat model that was induced using intragastric administration of Trichinella spiralis larvae. Coptisine treatment significantly decreased the protein levels of oxidative stress markers, 4­hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl and 8­hydroxy­2'deoxyguanosine, and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF­α, IL­1ß and IL­18 in the colon of PI­IBS rats. Moreover, coptisine treatment significantly increased nuclear factor erythroid 2­related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and heme oxygenase­1 protein expression levels, while significantly downregulating the protein expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis­associated speck­like protein containing a CARD and caspase­1 in the colons of PI­IBS rats. It is important to note that the anti­inflammatory effects of coptisine were blocked by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. In summary, the present study indicated that coptisine potentially attenuated PI­IBS in rats via Nrf2­dependent inhibition of the NLPR3 inflammasome.

Functional Characterization of Two RNA Methyltransferase Genes METTL3 and METTL14 Uncovers the Roles of m6A in Mediating Adaptation of Plutella xylostella to Host Plants.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the major epigenetic modifications in eukaryotes. Although increasing functions of m6A have been identified in insects, its role in Plutella xylostella L. for host plant adaptation remains unclear. In the current study, we show that the m6A content of P. xylostella was relatively low in different developmental stages and tissues, with no significant differences. Two RNA methyltransferase genes, PxMETTL3 (methyltransferase-like 3) and PxMETTL14 (methyltransferase-like 14), were identified and characterized. PxMETTL3 could be transcribed into two transcripts, and PxMETTL14 had only one transcript; both of these genes were highly expressed in egg and adult stages and reproductive tissues. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PxMETTL3 (ΔPxMETTL3-2) or PxMETTL14 (ΔPxMETTL14-14) confirmed their function in m6A installation into RNA. Furthermore, upon transfer from an artificial diet to the host plant, the mutant strains were affected in terms of larval and pupal weight or adult emergence rate, while the wildtype (WT) strain did not exhibit any difference. In addition, the fecundity and egg hatching rate of the WT strain decreased significantly, whereas only the ΔPxMETTL14-14 mutant strain displayed significantly decreased fecundity. There seemed to be a tradeoff between the stress adaptation and reproduction in P. xylostella mediated by m6A modification. During host transfer, the expression of PxMETTL14 was consistent with the change in m6A content, which implied that PxMETTL14 could respond to host plant defense effectively, and may regulate m6A content. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts with changes in m6A levels revealed that the potential functions of m6A-related genes may be involved in steroid biosynthesis for larval performance and metabolic pathways for adult reproduction. Overall, our work reveals an epigenetic regulation mechanism for the rapid adaptation of P. xylostella to variations in the host environment.

The Role of Language Switching During Cross-Talk Between Bilingual Language Control and Domain-General Conflict Monitoring.

The relationship between bilingual language control and executive control is debated. The present study investigated the effect of short-term language switching in a comprehension task on executive control performance in unbalanced bilinguals. Participants were required to perform a context task and an executive control task (i.e., flanker task) in sequence. A picture-word matching task created different language contexts in Experiment 1 (i.e., L1, L2, and dual-language contexts). By modifying the color-shape switching task, we created different contexts that do not involve language processing in Experiment 2 (i.e., color, shape, and dual context). Experiment 1 showed overall faster responses (in both congruent and incongruent trials) in the flanker task after a language switching context than after single (L1 or L2) contexts. This suggests that the language switching in a comprehension task affected general monitoring performance. By contrast, the nonlinguistic contexts in Experiment 2 did not affect flanker performance. This provides further evidence for the crucial role of language processing during switching to elicit short-term adaptions on domain-general conflict monitoring. Overall, our findings add to the previous studies by showing cross-talk between bilingual language control and domain-general conflict monitoring when language switching occurs in a comprehension task.

Proteomics-based evaluation of the mechanism underlying vascular injury via DNA interstrand crosslinks, glutathione perturbation, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Wnt and ErbB signaling pathways induced by crotonaldehyde.

Crotonaldehyde (CRA)-one of the major environmental pollutants from tobacco smoke and industrial pollution-is associated with vascular injury (VI). We used proteomics to systematically characterize the presently unclear molecular mechanism of VI and to identify new related targets or signaling pathways after exposure to CRA. Cell survival assays were used to assess DNA damage, whereas oxidative stress was determined using colorimetric assays and by quantitative fluorescence study; additionally, cyclooxygenase-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, Wnt3a, ß-catenin, phospho-ErbB2, and phospho-ErbB4 were assessed using ELISA. Proteins were quantitated via tandem mass tag-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses, and 34 differentially expressed proteins were confirmed using parallel reaction monitoring, which were defined as new indicators related to the mechanism underlying DNA damage; glutathione perturbation; mitogen-activated protein kinase; and the Wnt and ErbB signaling pathways in VI based on Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Parallel reaction monitoring confirmed significant (p < 0.05) upregulation (> 1.5-fold change) of 23 proteins and downregulation (< 0.667-fold change) of 11. The mechanisms of DNA interstrand crosslinks; glutathione perturbation; mitogen-activated protein kinase; cyclooxygenase-2; and the Wnt and ErbB signaling pathways may contribute to VI through their roles in DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, coagulation cascade, and the newly determined signaling pathways. Moreover, the Wnt and ErbB signaling pathways were identified as new disease pathways involved in VI. Taken together, the elucidated underlying mechanisms may help broaden existing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of VI induced by CRA.

Control mechanisms in voluntary versus mandatory language switching: Evidence from ERPs.

The present study measured event-related potentials (ERP) and behavioral performance to examine whether inhibitory control is involved in voluntary language switching, and if so, to explore the differences in inhibitory control between voluntary and mandatory language switching. Unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals completed two picture naming tasks: one involving mandatory language switches and one in which participants could voluntarily switch between the two languages. Behavioral data showed significant switch costs and a reversed language dominance effect in both switching tasks. Critically, both effects were larger in mandatory compared to voluntary switching. ERP results revealed that neural switch costs during mandatory switching was significantly different than voluntary switching in both N2 and LPC amplitudes. In contrast, a significant difference in the reversed language dominance effect between both tasks was only observed in LPC amplitude. Together, these findings suggest the involvement of inhibitory control in both mandatory and voluntary language switching, but the degree of inhibition and the time-course of control processes between both tasks appear to be distinct.

Partially shared neural mechanisms of language control and executive control in bilinguals: Meta-analytic comparisons of language and task switching studies.

The extent to which bilingual language control (BLC) is related to domain-general executive control (EC) remains unclear. The present study applied activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses to identify commonalities and distinctions in the brain regions across domains reported in neuroimaging studies. We specifically compare results from two experimental tasks: language switching, a typical measure of BLC, and task switching, an experiment that measures EC. Conjunction analyses showed a domain-general pattern between language switching and task switching, with convergent activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), pre-SMA/dACC complex (pre-supplementary motor area/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex), and left precuneus. Regarding domain-specificity, contrast analyses revealed stronger convergence of activation in the left fusiform gyrus and occipital gyrus in language switching compared to task switching, and conversely, stronger convergence of activation in the left DLPFC in task switching. Overall, these findings illustrate the partially overlapping nature of the neural circuits involved in BLC and EC.

Effect of Sodium Selenite on the Metabolite Profile of Epichloë sp. Mycelia from Festuca sinensis in Solid Culture.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient with many beneficial effects for humans and other living organisms. Numerous microorganisms in culture systems enrich and convert inorganic selenium to organic selenium. In this study, Epichloë sp. from Festuca sinensis was exposed to increasing Na2SeO3 concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mmol/L) in Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 8 weeks. Epichloë sp. mycelia were immediately collected after mycelial diameters were measured at 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of cultivation, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis was performed on different groups of Epichloë sp. mycelia. Different changes were observed as Epichloë sp. was exposed to different selenite conditions and cultivation time. The colony diameter of Epichloë sp. decreased in response to increased selenite concentrations, whereas the inhibitory effects diminished over time. Seventy-two of the 203 identified metabolites did not differ significantly across selenite treatments within the same time point, while 82 compounds did not differ significantly between multiple time points of the same Se concentration. However, the relative levels of 122 metabolites increased the most under selenite conditions. Specifically, between the 4th and 8th weeks, there were increases in 2-keto-isovaleric acid, uridine, and maltose in selenite treatments compared to controls. Selenium increased glutathione levels and exhibited antioxidant properties in weeks 4, 5, and 7. Additionally, we observed that different doses of selenite could promote the production of carbohydrates such as isomaltose, cellobiose, and sucrose; fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid; and amino acids such as lysine and tyrosine in Epichloë sp. mycelia. Therefore, Epichloë sp. exposed to selenite stress may benefit from increased levels of some metabolite compounds.

Glyoxal damages human aortic endothelial cells by perturbing the glutathione, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to glyoxal, the smallest dialdehyde, is associated with several diseases; humans are routinely exposed to glyoxal because of its ubiquitous presence in foods and the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the damage caused by glyoxal in human aortic endothelial cells. METHODS: Cell survival assays and quantitative fluorescence assays were performed to measure DNA damage; oxidative stress was detected by colorimetric assays and quantitative fluorescence, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were assessed using western blotting. RESULTS: Exposure to glyoxal was found to be linked to abnormal glutathione activity, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. However, DNA damage and thioredoxin oxidation were not induced by dialdehydes. CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular glutathione, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and the mitochondrial membrane potential are all critical targets of glyoxal. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms perturbed by glyoxal, and may facilitate the development of new therapeutics and diagnostic markers for cardiovascular diseases.

Bilingual Language Control Flexibly Adapts to Cultural Context.

How does bilingual language control adapt to the cultural context? We address this question by looking at the pattern of switch cost and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to separately reflect reactive and proactive language control mechanisms, in the contexts with culturally-neutral pictures (i. e., baseline context) or culturally-biased pictures (i.e., congruent context where culture matched the language to be spoken or incongruent context where culture mismatched the language to be spoken). Results showed an asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts, but the reversed language dominance effect was not changed across contexts, suggesting that cultural context plays a critical role in modulating reactive but not proactive language control. These findings reveal the dynamic nature of language control in bilinguals and have important implications for the current models of bilingual language control.

Structural brain changes with second language learning: A longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study.

The underlying mechanisms that adapt with L2 learning are still poorly understood. The present longitudinal study examined the effects of L2 learning on grey matter structure of Chinese college freshmen majoring in English. Participants were scanned twice, one year apart. Our voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed that gray matter volume (GMV) decreased in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) after L2 learning for one year. Critically, these structural adaptations correlated with changes in participants' language control ability across L2 learning. Moreover, age of acquisition of L2 was a significant predictor of volumetric change in the left ACC and L2 proficiency was a significant predictor of volumetric change in the right IFG. Overall, these findings enrich our understanding of the dynamic nature of structural brain adaptations, and the mechanisms these adaptations index, as a function of classroom L2 learning.

Fitness comparison of Plutella xylostella on original and marginal hosts using age-stage, two-sex life tables.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is an important agricultural pest that severely damages cruciferous vegetables. Although previously considered a threat only to Brassica species, P. xylostella has been observed to feed on noncruciferous vegetables. Here, we established a population of P. xylostella on the pea Pisum sativum (PxP population). We compared this PxP population's performance on the pea host plant to a population (PxR) reared on the original host plant radish (Raphanus sativus) for several generations using an age-stage, two-sex life table and analyzed the correlations between different fitness parameters. In the 1st generation of the PxP population, survival rate of immature stage was 17%, while the survival rate of PxR was 68%; the duration of the 4th larval instar (5.30 d) and mortality (25%) of this generation were significantly longer (2.8 d) and higher (1%) than that of PxR, respectively (both p < .001). Upon long-term acclimation, the PxP fitness improved significantly, especially that the survival rate of immature stages increased to approximately 60% in the 15th, 30th, and 45th generations. However, PxP feeding on pea exhibited poorer fitness with longer larval developmental time, shorter total life span, lighter pupa, and lower fecundity in different generations compared with PxP feeding on radish. PxP feeding on pea also showed a significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproduction rate (R 0), finite increase rate (λ), and longer mean generation time (T) than PxP feeding on radish in all generations tested. Significant positive correlations were observed between pupal weight and female fecundity in pea-fed populations, and between female longevity and female fecundity in pea-fed and radish-fed populations. Our findings suggest that P. xylostella adaptation to pea does not improve overall fitness compared with the original host radish, making pea a marginal host for P. xylostella.

Switching between newly learned languages impacts executive control.

Previous research has explored the relationship between language control and executive control based on performance in bilinguals' skilled languages. However, this relationship between bilingualism and executive control has not been examined at the very initial stage of language learning. In the present study, we trained Chinese speakers to learn words in German and Japanese, two languages with which they had no prior experience. In pre- and post-training, we measured participants' electrophysiological data to investigate how switching between these two newly learned languages affected executive control. We observed that, while lacking the language switching effect in the behavioral data, a flanker task elicited larger N2 and P3 amplitudes in the post-training session when participants were required to switch between German and Japanese compared to when they responded to only German or Japanese. These results provided evidence of language control of newly learned languages on domain-general executive control, specifically at the (very) initial period of language learning. Our findings support the adaptive nature of the relationship between bilingual language control and executive control.