Longitudinal health survey of women from Venezuela in Colombia (ELSA-VENCOL): First report.

BACKGROUND: Colombia is currently the world's main recipient country for Venezuelan migrants, and women represent a high proportion of them. This article presents the first report of a cohort of Venezuelan migrant women entering Colombia through Cúcuta and its metropolitan area. The study aimed to describe the health status and access to healthcare services among Venezuelan migrant women in Colombia with irregular migration status, and to analyze changes in those conditions at a one-month follow-up. METHODS: We carried out a longitudinal cohort study of Venezuelan migrant women, 18 to 45 years, who entered Colombia with an irregular migration status. Study participants were recruited in Cúcuta and its metropolitan area. At baseline, we administered a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, migration history, health history, access to health services, sexual and reproductive health, practice of early detection of cervical cancer and breast cancer, food insecurity, and depressive symptoms. The women were again contacted by phone one month later, between March and July 2021, and a second questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: A total of 2,298 women were included in the baseline measurement and 56.4% could be contacted again at the one-month follow-up. At the baseline, 23.0% of the participants reported a self-perceived health problem or condition in the past month and 29.5% in the past 6 months, and 14.5% evaluated their health as fair or poor. A significant increase was found in the percentage of women who reported a self-perceived health problem during the past month (from 23.1% to 31.4%; p<0.01); as well as in the share who reported moderate, severe, or extreme difficulty working or performing daily chores (from 5.5% to 11.0%; p = 0.03) and who rated their health as fair (from 13.0% to 31.2%; p<0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of women with depressive symptoms decreased from 80.5% to 71.2% (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This report presents initial information on the health status of Venezuelan migrant women in Colombia, and is a starting point for further longer longitudinal follow-ups to assess changes over time in health conditions.

Facial growth changes in a Colombian Mestizo population: An 18-year follow-up longitudinal study using linear mixed models.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, a standard of reference for longitudinal facial growth parameters for South American mestizos is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we describe an 18-year follow-up of craniofacial growth from 6 to 24 years of age in a Colombian mestizo population, and an analysis of facial growth beyond 18 years of age. METHODS: This 18-year follow-up longitudinal study was conducted in Medellín, Colombia. The study sample consisted of 49 mestizo subjects with normal facial features and no history of orthodontic treatment. Measurements of cranial base length, maxillary and mandibular length, posterior and anterior facial height, lower anterior facial height, and mandibular plane angle were documented at an X-ray magnification of 10%. Data were subjected to linear mixed model analysis. RESULTS: Changes in cephalometric measurements were detected during the 18-year follow-up and were significantly affected by age and sex. Pubertal growth spurts were between 12 and 14 years for females, and between 14 and 16 years of age for males. Mandibular plane angle decreased in both females and males during the 18-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Age and sex significantly affect craniofacial growth in mestizos in Columbia. Beyond 18 years of age, craniofacial growth is important. Our data do not support sexual dimorphism in mandibular rotation in young adults.

Using museum specimens to estimate broad-scale species richness: Exploring the performance of individual-based and spatially explicit rarefaction.

Estimates of spatial patterns of broad-scale species richness are central to major questions in ecology, evolution and conservation. Yet, they are scarce due to incomplete information on species distributions. Often the only germane data derives from museum specimens collected during non-standardized sampling. Rarefaction, a promising approach to estimate broad-scale richness with these data, estimates the expected number of species represented in subsets of n specimens drawn from N specimens collected in a sampling unit. One version of rarefaction, known as individual-based rarefaction, assumes that the N specimens collected in a sampling unit constitute a random sample of individuals in that sampling unit. Another version, known as spatially explicit rarefaction, assumes that the N specimens collected in a sampling unit are spatially aggregated. We examined the working hypothesis that, when applied to museum specimen data, spatially explicit rarefaction is less biased than individual-based rarefaction because it reduces overestimation due to spatially aggregated sampling. We derived five predictions from this working hypothesis and tested them using computer simulation experiments based on a database of 129,782 plant specimens from Nicaragua, and sampling units of 5 x 5, 50 x 50, and 100 x 100 km. One experiment was a negative control, whereby we simulated collection of randomly chosen individuals from each sampling unit. In contrast, three other experiments included spatially aggregated sampling. In all experiments we applied individual-based and spatially explicit rarefaction to estimate richness, with n = 200 and n = 500 specimens. As expected, the experiment designed as a negative control did not support the working hypothesis. The other three experiments supported the working hypothesis in analyses of larger sampling units, but not in 5 x 5 km sampling units. The predictions we derived from the working hypothesis can be used to assess which rarefaction version is best in particular systems.

Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador.

This study described the occurrence of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis in 250 cattle from 5 dairy farms around the cities of Santa Rosa and Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador. Clinical mastitis (CM) was determined based on obvious changes in milk (mild), signs of inflammation in the udder (moderate), and/or generalized clinical symptoms (severe). Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was assessed using the California mastitis test. CM and SCM were detected in 30 (12.0%) and 150 (60%) of the 250 tested cattle, respectively. Prevalence at the udder quarter level was 57.7% (577/1,000), which was higher among forequarters (369/577; 63.9%) than hindquarters. Of the 577 mastitic milk samples subjected to microbiological analysis, 35 were excluded due to contamination and 20 tested negative. Identification of bacterial isolates revealed that 33.3% of the 93 CM samples contained coliforms, 25.8% coagulase-positive staphylococci, 20.4% coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 9.7% streptococci, 7.5% Bacillus spp., and 3.2% Klebsiella spp. Bacterial profiling of the 429 SCM milk samples showed that 55.4% contained CNS, 22.1% Bacillus spp., 9.3% streptococci, and 6.1% coagulase-positive staphylococci. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing of the obtained isolates indicated that all were susceptible to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, and neomycin. No multidrug-resistant strains were observed.

Issues and Perspectives in Species Delimitation using Phenotypic Data: Atlantean Evolution in Darwin's Finches.

Progress in the development and use of methods for species delimitation employing phenotypic data lags behind conceptual and practical advances in molecular genetic approaches. The basic evolutionary model underlying the use of phenotypic data to delimit species assumes random mating and quantitative polygenic traits, so that phenotypic distributions within a species should be approximately normal for individuals of the same sex and age. Accordingly, two or more distinct normal distributions of phenotypic traits suggest the existence of multiple species. In light of this model, we show that analytical approaches employed in taxonomic studies using phenotypic data are often compromised by three issues: 1) reliance on graphical analyses that convey little information on phenotype frequencies; 2) exclusion of characters potentially important for species delimitation following reduction of data dimensionality; and 3) use of measures of central tendency to evaluate phenotypic distinctiveness. We outline approaches to overcome these issues based on statistical developments related to normal mixture models (NMMs) and illustrate them empirically with a reanalysis of morphological data recently used to claim that there are no morphologically distinct species of Darwin's ground-finches (Geospiza). We found negligible support for this claim relative to taxonomic hypotheses recognizing multiple species. Although species limits among ground-finches merit further assessments using additional sources of information, our results bear implications for other areas of inquiry including speciation research: because ground-finches have likely speciated and are not trapped in a process of "Sisyphean" evolution as recently argued, they remain useful models to understand the evolutionary forces involved in speciation. Our work underscores the importance of statistical approaches grounded on appropriate evolutionary models for species delimitation. We discuss how NMMs offer new perspectives in the kind of inferences available to systematists, with significant repercussions on ideas about the phenotypic structure of biodiversity.

An annotated corpus with nanomedicine and pharmacokinetic parameters.

A vast amount of data on nanomedicines is being generated and published, and natural language processing (NLP) approaches can automate the extraction of unstructured text-based data. Annotated corpora are a key resource for NLP and information extraction methods which employ machine learning. Although corpora are available for pharmaceuticals, resources for nanomedicines and nanotechnology are still limited. To foster nanotechnology text mining (NanoNLP) efforts, we have constructed a corpus of annotated drug product inserts taken from the US Food and Drug Administration's Drugs@FDA online database. In this work, we present the development of the Engineered Nanomedicine Database corpus to support the evaluation of nanomedicine entity extraction. The data were manually annotated for 21 entity mentions consisting of nanomedicine physicochemical characterization, exposure, and biologic response information of 41 Food and Drug Administration-approved nanomedicines. We evaluate the reliability of the manual annotations and demonstrate the use of the corpus by evaluating two state-of-the-art named entity extraction systems, OpenNLP and Stanford NER. The annotated corpus is available open source and, based on these results, guidelines and suggestions for future development of additional nanomedicine corpora are provided.

Selective logging: do rates of forest turnover in stems, species composition and functional traits decrease with time since disturbance? - A 45 year perspective.

Selective logging, the targeted harvesting of timber trees in a single cutting cycle, is globally rising in extent and intensity. Short-term impacts of selective logging on tropical forests have been widely investigated, but long-term effects on temporal dynamics of forest structure and composition are largely unknown. Understanding these long-term dynamics will help determine whether tropical forests are resilient to selective logging and inform choices between competing demands of anthropogenic use versus conservation of tropical forests. Forest dynamics can be studied within the framework of succession theory, which predicts that temporal turnover rates should decline with time since disturbance. Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics of a tropical forest in Kibale National Park, Uganda over 45 years following selective logging. We estimated turnover rates in stems, species composition, and functional traits (wood density and diameter at breast height), using observations from four censuses in 1989, 1999, 2006, and 2013, of stems ≥ 10 cm diameter within 17 unlogged and 9 logged 200 × 10 m vegetation plots. We used null models to account for interdependencies among turnover rates in stems, species composition, and functional traits. We tested predictions that turnover rates should be higher and decrease with increasing time since the selective logging event in logged forest, but should be less temporally variable in unlogged forest. Overall, we found higher turnover rates in logged forest for all three attributes, but turnover rates did not decline through time in logged forest and was not less temporally variable in unlogged forest. These results indicate that successional models that assume recovery to pre-disturbance conditions are inadequate for predicting the effects of selective logging on the dynamics of the tropical forest in Kibale. Selective logging resulted in persistently higher turnover rates, which may compromise the carbon storage capacity of Kibale's forest. Selective logging effects may also interact with effects from other global trends, potentially causing major long-term shifts in the dynamics of tropical forests. Similar studies in tropical forests elsewhere will help determine the generality of these conclusions. Ultimately, the view that selective logging is a benign approach to the management of tropical forests should be reconsidered in the light of studies of the effects of this practice on long-term forest dynamics.

[Validation of the Epworth sleepiness scale in Mexican population]. / Validación de la escala de somnolencia de Epworth en población mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) is a widely used instrument in the subjective assessment of sleepiness. Although there are several translations into Spanish, their equivalence to the original version is questionable. OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of a true translation into Spanish of the ESS in Mexican population. METHOD: The ESS was translated into Spanish with the use of standard translation methodology: forward translation, back translation and bilingual committee consensus. It was administered to six groups of subjects of the following categories: narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), major depression with OSAS risk, major depression without OSAS risk, good sleepers and insomniac patients without OSAS risk. Internal consistency and factorial structure of the ESS was estimated. In addition, a comparison between groups of the ESS scores was conducted. RESULTS: The ESS showed to be composed by only one factor and it also showed a high reliability coefficient (0.89). Likewise patients with narcolepsy or OSAS had the highest scores while good sleepers obtained the lowest scores. CONCLUSION: The true translation into Spanish of the ESS showed similar psychometric properties to the original version and, superior to previous Spanish adaptations. Therefore, the ESS is a reliable instrument for the assessment of sleepiness in our population.

Picos de crecimiento facial vertical antes de los 12 años de edad y su relación con el desarrollo puberal en 44 mestizos colombianos sin tratamiento / Vertical facial growth peaks before the age of 12 and their relation with pubertal development in 44 untreated Colombian mestizos

Introducción: la mayoría de las investigaciones del crecimiento facial se enfocan hacia la documentación y predicción del crecimiento puberal opacando la descripción del crecimiento antes de los 12 años de edad. Aunque hay varias investigaciones en poblaciones caucásicas que han reportado los picos tempranos de crecimiento, ninguna lo ha ubicado y dimensionado con relación al pico puberal. En mestizos latinoamericanos no hay estudios reportados en la literatura. Métodos: desde 1992 el Grupo de Investigación de Labio y Paladar Hendido, Fisiología Oral y Crecimiento Craneofacial, CES-LPH, está haciendo un estudio longitudinal del crecimiento facial en 44 mestizos colombianos sin tratamiento con una muestra de 373 radiografías cefálicas laterales obtenidas durante 18 años de seguimiento. Resultados: de las 28 niñas de la muestra, 21 (75%) presentaron incrementos bienal mayores de 5 mm en la altura facial anterior (AFA) antes de los 12 años. En la altura facial posterior (AFP) hubo 9 (32%) niñas con incrementos bienales mayores a 5 mm antes de los 9 años. En 7 (43%) niños se presentaron incrementos bienales mayores a 5 mm en AFA antes de los 12 años y para la AFP hubo 9 (56%) niños con el mismo comportamiento antes de los 12 años. Para 5 de las niñas y 3 de los niños (18%), este fue el mayor pico de crecimiento en todo el seguimiento de la muestra desde los 6 hasta los 19 años, hallazgo no reportado anteriormente en la literatura. Conclusiones: los picos tempranos de crecimiento vertical (AFA y AFP) en niños menores de 9 años pueden explicar el éxito de las terapias tempranas de ortopedia funcional de los maxilares.

Introduction: most studies on facial growth focus on documenting and predicting pubertal growth, underestimating the description of growth before the age of 12. Although several studies on Caucasian populations have analyzed early growth peaks, none of the publications has related them with the pubertal peaks. Furthermore, no studies on Latin American mestizos are reported in the literature. Methods: since 1992, the Cleft Lip and Palate, Oral Physiology and Craniofacial Growth Research Group (CES-LPH for its Spanish initials) has been conducting a longitudinal study on facial growth in 44 untreated Colombian mestizos with a sample of 373 cephalic lateral radiographs obtained during a period of 18 years. Results: 21 of the 28 girls in the sample (75%) present major biennial increments of 5 mm in anterior face height (AFH) before age 12. In terms of posterior face height (PFH), there were 9 girls (32%) with biennial increases greater than 5 mm before 9 years old. 7 children (43%) presented biennial increases greater than 5 mm in AFH before the age of 12, and concerning PFH there were 9 children (56%) with the same behavior before the age of 12. For 5 girls and 3 boys (18%), this was the greatest growth peak throughout the follow-up period of a sample since the age of 6 until 19 years—a finding not previously reported in the literature—. Conclusions: early vertical growth peaks (AFH and PFH) in children younger than 9 years may explain the success of early functional jaw orthopedic therapies.

Beta-diversity in temperate and tropical forests reflects dissimilar mechanisms of community assembly.

Site-to-site variation in species composition (ß-diversity) generally increases from low- to high-diversity regions. Although biogeographical differences in community assembly mechanisms may explain this pattern, random sampling effects can create this pattern through differences in regional species pools. Here, we compared assembly mechanisms between spatially extensive networks of temperate and tropical forest plots with highly divergent species pools (46 vs. 607 species). After controlling for sampling effects, ß-diversity of woody plants was similar and higher than expected by chance in both forests, reflecting strong intraspecific aggregation. However, different mechanisms appeared to explain aggregation in the two forests. In the temperate forest, aggregation reflected stronger environmental correlations, suggesting an important role for species-sorting (e.g. environmental filtering) processes, whereas in the tropics, aggregation reflected stronger spatial correlations, more likely reflecting dispersal limitation. We suggest that biogeographical differences in the relative importance of different community assembly mechanisms contribute to these striking gradients in global biodiversity.

Species delimitation: inferring gaps in morphology across geography.

Species are commonly delimited on the basis of gaps in patterns of morphological variation, but there seems to be little recent work on methods to objectively assess such gaps. Here, we introduce a statistical approach that uses measurements of continuous morphological characters and geographic variation in those characters to (i) measure the strength of the evidence for the existence of a gap in morphological variation between two hypothesized species and (ii) examine if a gap in morphological variation between two hypothesized species can be explained by an alternative hypothesis of geographic variation within a species. This approach is based on recent developments in analyses of multivariate normal mixtures, estimates of multivariate tolerance regions, and principal coordinates of neighboring matrices. We demonstrate the application of the approach by examining previously proposed hypotheses of species limits in the plant genus Escallonia. We discuss the main features of the method, including potential limitations, in relation to other approaches that use gaps in morphological variation as a criterion for species delimitation. The method we propose can help strengthen the link between the theory and practice of species delimitation by increasing the transparency and consistency of taxonomic decisions based on morphology, thus contributing to integrative approaches for species delimitation that consider morphological and geographic data on an equal footing with other kinds of information.

Crecimiento facial vertical en 44 mestizos colombianos sin tratamiento desde los 6 hasta los 25 años Grupo CES-LPH / Vertical facial growth in 44 untreated colombian subjects from 6-to 25 years of age

Introducción y Objetivo: El crecimiento craneofacial posnatal es un proceso complejo que continúa aún después de los 20 años de edad. Cuantifi car por primera vez en una población mestiza latinoamericana y colombiana el desarrollo vertical facial anterior (AFA) y posterior (AFP). Materialesy Métodos: seguimiento cefalométrico bianual de 44 sujetos con apariencia facial normal y sin ningúntipo de tratamiento ortodóncico.Resultados: Hubo una disminución continua del ángulo del planomandibular (SN/PM) en ambos sexos. Se encontraron aumentos continuos de la AFA y AFP con diferencias signifi cativas por sexo a partir de los 16 años. El pico puberal para las mujeres de la AFA y AFP fue alrededor de los 13 años, para los hombres alrededor de los 15. Esta tendencia general mostró variaciones individuales importantes. Antes de los 11 años de edad el 63% de la muestra tuvo incrementos bianuales de más de 3 mm, después de los 16 años el 29,5% de los sujetos tuvo incrementos bianuales de más de 2 mm. Las mujeres después de los 18 años no tuvieron un patrón de rotación mandibular a favor de las manecillas del reloj, ni los hombres en contra. Conclusiones: se muestran diferencias importantes respecto a otros estudios reportados en poblaciones caucásicasen cuanto a la variabilidad individual, presencia de varias etapas de aceleración del crecimientovertical pre y pospuberalmente y rotación mandibular después de los 18 años. Estas diferencias no son debidas a características genéticas o nutricionales sino probablemente a cambios normalesdel crecimiento vertical facial.

Introduction and Objetive: The postnatal craniofacial growth is a complex process that continues even after 20 years of age. To quantify for the fi rst time, the anterior (AFA) and posterior vertical facial (AFP) developmental growth, in a mestizo Colombian and a latin-american population. Materials and Methods: Biannual cephalometric follow-up of 44 subjects with normal facial appearance and without any type of orthodontic treatment. Results: There was a continuous decrease of the mandibular plane angle SN / PM in both sexes. There were continuous increases in the AFA and AFP with signifi cant differences by sex after the age of 16. The pubertal peak for women in the AFA and AFP was about 13 years of age, and for men around the age of 15. This general trend showed signifi cant individual variations. Before the age of 11, 63% of the sample had biannual increments over 3 mm, after the age of 16, 29,5% of the subjects had biannual increases more than 2 mm. Women after the age of 18 had no clockwise mandibular rotation, neither did men had counterclockwise mandibular rotation. Conclusions: It is shown that there is an important difference between this study and other studies reported from Caucasian populations in terms of individual variability, presence of various growth spurt stages in the vertical facial height pre-and postpuberty. There was a non specifi c gender tendency of mandibular rotation after 18 years of age. These differences are not due to genetic or nutritional changes, but probably normal vertical facial growth changes.

Descripción clínica, social, laboral y de la percepción funcional individual en pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular / Clinical, social, occupational and of self: perception description of stroke patients

Introducción. El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es una entidad nosológica, que además de producir diferentes déficits funcionales y estructurales, origina diversos tipos de limitaciones funcionales y restricción en la participación social. objetivo. Describir las características clínicas, los aspectos sociales, laborales y la percepción funcional individual en pacientes con ACV, atendidos en una institución neurológica de Colombia. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio descriptivo en 81 pacientes, con tiempo de egreso hospitalario entre seis meses y dos años. Retrospectivamente se recolectaron datos de historia clínica, referente a signos y síntomas, y territorio vascular comprometido. Posteriormente se aplicó una encuesta de 19 preguntas abiertas sobre percepción, evolución y estado actual de discapacidad secundaria al evento.resultados. Se evaluaron 71,6% pacientes con ACV isquémico, 19.8% hemorrágico y 8,6% lacunar. El territorio más afectado fue cerebral media (58%). Los síntomas más frecuentes al ingreso fueron disartria y trastorno motor en extremidades. El 65,3% refirió mejoría subjetiva de la deficiencia motora. El 64,3% de los pacientes eran laboralmente activos antes del ACV, solo 10,7% continúan en su oficio previo.conclusIón. El tipo isquémico es la principal causa de ataque cerebrovascular agudo en esta institución. Las manifestaciones clínicas dadas por lateraciones motoras y del habla están acordes al teritorio vascular afectado. A pesar de la autopercepción de mejoría existe un impacto considerable en el ámbito laboral de esta población.

Introduction. In addition to different functional and structural deficits, cerebrovascular disease causes severaltypes of restrictions in social participation. Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, social and occupational characteristics as well as the self-perception in patients with cerebrovascular disease (stroke) attended in a neurological institution in Colombia. Materials and methods. 81 clinical records with stroke diagnosis and a hospital discharge time between 6 months and two years were evaluated. Date regarding sings, symptoms and vascular territory were collected. Additionally a 19 questions interview was applied asking about self-perception, course and current state of disability. Results. The distribution of patients was ischemic stroke 71,6%, hemorrhagic stroke 19.8% and lacunar infarction 8.6%. Right middle cerebral artery was the most frequently affected (58%). Motor deficit and dysarthria were the main complains at the admission time. 65.3% reported improvement of the motor deficit initially described. Before the stroke 64.3% wereoccupationally active, after the stroke only 10.7% kept their previous job. Conclusion. In this sample ischemic stroke was the most frequent cause of cerebrovascular disease. Alterations on the speaking and motor skills are explainable by the compromise of the right middle cerebral artery. In spite of the self - perception of improvement there is considerable impact on the occupational field.

Intramolecular palladium-catalysed enolate arylation of 2- and 3-iodoindole derivatives for the synthesis of ß-carbolines, γ-carbolines, and pyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles.

The palladium-catalysed intramolecular α-arylation of carbonyl compounds with amino-tethered 2- and 3-iodoindoles provides a useful methodology for the synthesis of indolo-b-fused nitrogen heterocycles. A variety of substituted tetrahydro ß- and γ-carbolines, and pyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles, have been prepared by means of this palladium-catalysed annulation process.

Effects of detectability on estimates of geographic range size in Bignonieae.

Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data.

Comportamiento de la actividad electromiográfica del músculo orbicular superior de los labios en niños con y sin labio y paladar hendido / Electromiographical lip activity of the upper orbicularis muscle of children with and without cleft lip and palate

Comparar la actividad electromiográfica (AEMG) del músculo orbicular superior de los labios durante la deglución y la fonación en sujetos con y sin labio y paladar hendido unilateral. Un total de 32 sujetos saludables de ambos sexos entre los 7 y 13 años de edad participaron del estudio.16 sujetos operados de labio y paladar hendido unilateral en su primer año de vida, conformaron el grupo experimental el cual no fue pareado por edad y sexo por la dificultad de conseguir la muestra y16 sujetos mesocefálicos, clase I molar de Angle pareados por edades y sexo fueron seleccionados para el grupo control. La actividad electromiográfica fue registrada tres veces por sesión con un intervalo de descanso de 60 segundos entre cada registro. Se usaron como criterios de medición de la señal electromiográfica la integral numérica por método trapezoidal normalizada en el tiempo y la raíz cuadrática media (RMS) normalizada en el tiempo. Los datos obtenidos en el presente estudio muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la deglución de los niños con Labio Figurado y Paladar Hendido (LFPH) respecto al grupo control, por el contrario no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prueba de fonación entre los dos grupos...

Manejo quirúrgico y test de wada en la epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporal / Surgical management and Test of Wada in the refractory epilepsy of the temporary lobe

Introducción: A pesar del manejo anticonvulsivo adecuado, hasta 40 por ciento de los pacientes persisten con crisis y 20 por ciento de ellos tienen resistencia total a los medicamentos. Estos pacientes presentan epilepsia refractaria y su causa más frecuente es la esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal. La neurocirugía es una buena alternativa de tratamiento para estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del grupo de cirugía de epilepsia del Instituto Neurológico de Antioquia en la evaluación con test de Wada y manejo quirúrgico de pacientes con epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporal. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal de octubre de 2001 a junio de 2005 en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal refractaria al tratamiento médico, estudiados mediante evaluación clínica neurológica, resonancia magnética, video EEG, evaluación neuropsicológica, psiquiátrica y test de Wada para evaluar funciones cognitivas, particularmente lenguaje y memoria, cuantificar reserva funcional, predecir riesgo cognoscitivo y así determinar los pacientes candidatos a cirugía. Para el seguimiento postquirúrgico se utilizó la clasificación de Engel. Resultados: Se evaluaron 85 pacientes con epilepsia refractaria. Se recomendó cirugía en 66 de ellos. 42 pacientes tenían esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal. En la evaluación con test de Wada se demostró que en los pacientes con esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal (EMLTI), el lenguaje fue dominante en el lado contralateral a la lesión en 45 por ciento de los pacientes y para la memoria completo en todos los pacientes. La reserva funcional para la memoria fue superior a 50 por ciento en la mayoría de los pacientes. Todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por epilepsia del lóbulo temporal redujeron la frecuencia de las crisis en el posquirúrgico. 91.8 por ciento de los pacientes se encontraban en clasificación de Engel I. Conclusiones: Una selección adecuada de los candidatos para cirugía mediante un protocolo definido, garantiza un buen pronóstico postquirúrgico en cuanto al control de las crisis. El test de Wada es fundamental en la predicción del riesgo cognoscitivo

Ecology: is speciation driven by species diversity?

Emerson and Kolm show that the proportion of species endemic to an island is positively related to its species richness and, assuming that endemism indexes speciation rate, they infer that greater species diversity accelerates diversification. Here we demonstrate that the same correlation between species richness and percentage endemism can arise even if within-island speciation is negligible, particularly when both endemism and species richness depend on attributes of islands (such as area) that influence the average age of resident populations. Island biogeography theory indicates that, where the average time to extinction is relatively long, diversity increases through colonization, irrespective of whether new species are formed; at the same time, islands on which populations persist for longer accumulate more endemic species as local populations differentiate and populations on neighbouring islands become extinct. We therefore suggest that species richness and endemism are correlated fortuitously owing to their mutual dependence on the life spans of populations on islands, which is unrelated to speciation itself.

La autopsia psicologica como instrumento de investigacion / Psychological autopsy as an investigation tool

Se define el concepto de autopsia psicológica desde su origen en los años cincuenta en California cuando empezó a utilizarse buscando un acercamiento a la comprensión de las circunstancias que rodearon la muerte de un individuo, investigando retrospectivamente sus características de personalidad y las condiciones que tuvo en vida. Se establecen las características del método y su utilidad en psiquiatría clínica y en psiquiatría forense, siendo relevante su aplicación en psiquiatría forense, siendo relevante su aplicación potencial en el diseño de políticas de promoción de la salud y prevención de suicidio, homicidio o accidentes. Finalmente se resumen algunos resultados obtenidos mediante su aplicación en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Colombia