Mechanical Properties and Antibacterial Effect on Mono-Strain of Streptococcus mutans of Orthodontic Cements Reinforced with Chlorhexidine-Modified Nanotubes.

Recently, several studies have introduced nanotechnology into the area of dental materials with the aim of improving their properties. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial and mechanical properties of type I glass ionomers reinforced with halloysite nanotubes modified with 2% chlorhexidine at concentrations of 5% and 10% relative to the total weight of the powder used to construct each sample. Regarding antibacterial effect, 200 samples were established and distributed into four experimental groups and six control groups (4 +ve and 2 -ve), with 20 samples each. The mechanical properties were evaluated in 270 samples, assessing microhardness (30 samples), compressive strength (120 samples), and setting time (120 samples). The groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the antibacterial activity of the ionomers was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans for 24 h. The control and positive control groups showed no antibacterial effect, while the experimental group with 5% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 11.35 mm and 11.45 mm, and the group with 10% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 12.50 mm and 13.20 mm. Statistical differences were observed between the experimental groups with 5% and 10% nanotubes. Regarding the mechanical properties, microhardness, and setting time, no statistical difference was found when compared with control groups, while compressive strength showed higher significant values, with ionomers modified with 10% concentration of nanotubes resulting in better compressive strength values. The incorporation of nanotubes at concentrations of 5% and 10% effectively inhibited the presence of S. mutans, particularly when the dose-response relationship was taken into account, with the advantage of maintaining and improving their mechanical properties.

Brucellosis outbreak in a rural endemic region of Mexico - a comprehensive investigation.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Generally, humans can be infected by either the consumption of raw milk and fresh cheeses made from unpasteurised milk or by contact with infected animals, mainly in endemic regions. In this study, we investigated a brucellosis outbreak in State of Guanajuato, an endemic region of Mexico. Microbiological culture of human blood, raw milk from cows and goats, and fresh cheeses was performed to isolate Brucella. Identification of the bacteria was done by bacteriological procedures and by multiplex Bruce-ladder polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brucella melitensis was isolated from patients, infected goats, and fresh goat cheeses; while Brucella abortus was isolated from cows. All patients had eaten fresh cheese, but no occupational exposure to animals was reported. The results of molecular typing did not show any Brucella vaccine strains. The isolation, identification, and molecular characterisation of Brucella spp. in both human brucellosis cases and infected animals are very important to identify the source of infection and to take control measures in endemic regions.

Prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriers in children under five years of age and teenagers in certain populations of Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a pilot study to discover the frequency of colonization in healthy children under five years old and teenagers, as well as the distribution of the different N. meningitidis serogroups isolated from nasopharyngeal samples collected from the population under study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The population included youth between 15 and 19 years old living in social rehabilitation centers (SRC) and university teenagers (UT) as well as children under the age of five attending day care centers (DCC) in Mexico City. Nasopharyngeal exudates were processed using standard microbiological techniques in order to identify Nm, the serogroup, type and subtype of these isolates. RESULTS: A total of 2 310 samples (774 SRC, 800 UT and 736 DCC) were taken. Total prevalence of Nm was 1.6 per cent. In teenagers living in SRC the prevalence was 2.9%. The most frequent serogroups were Y (29.7%), C (24.3%) and B (10.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of carriers in the study environment was significant (1.6%) and similar to countries in which the invasive illness is much more frequent.

Prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriers in children under five years of age and teenagers in certain populations of Mexico City / Prevalencia de portadores de Neisseria meningitidis en niños menores de cinco años de edad y adolescentes en determinadas poblaciones de la Ciudad de México

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a pilot study to discover the frequency of colonization in healthy children under five years old and teenagers, as well as the distribution of the different N. meningitidis serogroups isolated from nasopharyngeal samples collected from the population under study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The population included youth between 15 and 19 years old living in social rehabilitation centers (SRC) and university teenagers (UT) as well as children under the age of five attending day care centers (DCC) in Mexico City. Nasopharyngeal exudates were processed using standard microbiological techniques in order to identify Nm, the serogroup, type and subtype of these isolates. RESULTS: A total of 2 310 samples (774 SRC, 800 UT and 736 DCC) were taken. Total prevalence of Nm was 1.6 per cent. In teenagers living in SRC the prevalence was 2.9 percent. The most frequent serogroups were Y (29.7 percent), C (24.3 percent) and B (10.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of carriers in the study environment was significant (1.6 percent) and similar to countries in which the invasive illness is much more frequent.

OBJETIVO: Realizar un estudio piloto que permita conocer la frecuencia de colonización en niños sanos menores de cinco años y adolescentes, así como la distribución de serogrupos de los aislamientos de Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) obtenidos de la nasofaringe de la población estudiada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron, jóvenes entre los 15 y 19 años de edad, de centros de readaptación social (CRS) y adolescentes universitarios (AU), así como niños menores de cinco años que asisten a estancias infantiles (EI) en la Ciudad de México. Se tomaron exudados nasofaríngeos y fueron procesados, usando las técnicas microbiológicas clásicas, para identificar Nm, serogrupo, tipo y subtipo de estos aislamientos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron un total de 2310 muestras (774 CRS, 800 AU y 736 EI). La prevalencia total de Nm fue 1.6 por ciento y en los adolescentes de CRS fue 2.9 por ciento. Los serogrupos más frecuentes son; Y (29.7 por ciento), C (24.3 por ciento) y B (10.8 por ciento). CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de portadores en nuestro medio fue significativa (1.6 por ciento) y similar a los países en los que la enfermedad invasiva es mucho más frecuente.