Inhibitory activities of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum inhibition of Echinochloa crus-galli.

Echinochloa crus-galli is a serious weed species in rice paddies. To obtain a new potential bioherbicide, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of 13 essential oils and their active substances against E. crus-galli. Essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (SAEO) exhibited the highest herbicidal activity (EC50 = 3.87 mg mL-1) among the 13 essential oils evaluated. The SAEO was isolated at six different temperatures by vacuum fractional distillation, including 164°C, 165°C (SAEO-165), 169°C, 170°C 175°C and 180°C. The SAEO-165 had the highest inhibitory rate against E. crus-galli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high phase liquid chromatography identified eugenol (EC50 = 4.07 mg mL-1), α-caryophyllene (EC50 = 17.34 mg mL-1) and ß-caryophyllene (EC50 = 96.66 mg mL-1) as the three compounds in SAEO. Results from a safety bioassay showed that the tolerance of rice seedling (~ 20% inhibition) was higher than that of E. crus-galli (~ 70% inhibition) under SAEO stress. SAEO induced excessive generation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and ultimately tissue damage in E. crus-galli. Our results indicate that SAEO has a potential for development into a new selective bio-herbicide. They also provide an example of a sustainable management strategy for E. crus-galli in rice paddies.

Continuous Cropping Inhibits Photosynthesis of Polygonatum odoratum.

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce possesses widespread medicinal properties; however, the continuous cropping (CC) often leads to a severe consecutive monoculture problem (CMP), ultimately causing a decline in yield and quality. Photosynthesis is the fundamental process for plant growth development. Improving photosynthesis is one of the most promising approaches to increase plant yields. To better understand how P. odoratum leaves undergo photosynthesis in response to CC, this study analyzed the physiochemical indexes and RNA-seq. The physiochemical indexes, such as the content of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll), light response curves (LRCs), and photosynthetic parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, Fm/F0, Piabs, ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, and DIo/RC) were all changed in P. odoratum under the CC system. Furthermore, 13,798 genes that exhibited differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified in the P. odoratum leaves of CC and first cropping (FC) plants. Among them, 7932 unigenes were upregulated, while 5860 unigenes were downregulated. Here, the DEGs encoding proteins associated with photosynthesis and carbon assimilation showed a significant decrease in expression under the CC system, such as the PSII protein complex, PSI protein complex, Cytochorome b6/f complex, the photosynthetic electron transport chain, light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex, and Calvin cycle, etc., -related gene. This study demonstrates that CC can suppress photosynthesis and carbon mechanism in P. odoratum, pinpointing potential ways to enhance photosynthetic efficiency in the CC of plants.

High-Dose Deltamethrin Induces Developmental Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via IRE-1.

Deltamethrin (DM), a Type II pyrethroid, is widely used worldwide in agriculture, household applications, and medicine. Recent studies have shown that DM exerts a variety of toxic effects on organs such as the kidney, heart muscle, and nerves in animals. However, little is known about the effects of high-dose DM on growth and development, and the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, we found that high-dose DM caused a delay in nematode development. Our results showed that high-dose DM reduced the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER). Further studies revealed that high-dose DM-induced developmental toxicity and reduced capacity for UPRER activation were associated with the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway. Our results provide new evidence for the developmental toxicity of DM and new insights into the mechanism of DM toxicity.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (Rhizophoraceae).

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (1919) is an important medical resource distributed across subtropical Asia. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of C. brachiata was sequenced, revealing a total length of 162,460 bp, including four regions - a large single copy (89,814 bp), a small single copy (18,804 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (26,921 bp each). The overall guanine + cytosine content was 35.76%. In total, 130 genes were annotated within the chloroplast genome, comprising 85 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that C. brachiata is closely related to Carallia diplopetala.

Metagenomic Sequencing to Analyze Composition and Function of Top-Gray Chalky Grain Microorganisms from Hybrid Rice Seeds.

The top-gray chalkiness of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds is a typical phenomenon in hybrid rice seeds. The chalky part of the grain is infected and is the inoculum to infect the normal seeds during storage and soaking. These seed-associated microorganisms were cultivated and sequenced using metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain more comprehensive information on the seed-associated microorganisms in this experiment. The results showed that fungi could grow well on the rice flour medium, similar to the ingredients of rice seed endosperms. After the assembly of metagenomic data, a gene catalog was established, comprising 250,918 genes. Function analysis showed that glycoside hydrolases were the dominant enzymes, and the genus Rhizopus accounted for the dominant microorganisms. The fungal species R. microspores, R. delemar, and R. oryzae were likely to be the candidate pathogens in the top-gray chalky grains of hybrid rice seeds. These results will provide a reference for improving hybrid rice processing after harvest.

Effect of long-term application of bioorganic fertilizer on the soil property and bacteria in rice paddy.

The application of novel bioorganic fertilizer (BIO) has been established as a weed biocontrol strategy, and reduce herbicides pollution and negatively effects on agricultural ecosystems. However, its long-term influences on soil bacterial communities are unknown. Here, 16 S rRNA sequencing to identify the changes that occur in soil bacterial community and enzyme under BIO treatments after five years in a field experiment. BIO application effectively controlled weeds, however no obvious differences between treatments were observed under BIO-50, BIO-100, BIO-200 and BIO-400 treatment. Anaeromyxobacter and Clostridium_ sensu_ stricto_1 were the two dominant genera among BIO-treated soil samples. The BIO-800 treatment had a slight influence on the species diversity index, which was more remarkable after five years. The seven significantly-different genera between BIO-800 treatment and untreated soils included C._sensu_stricto_1, Syntrophorhabdus, Candidatus_Koribacter, Rhodanobacter, Bryobacter, Haliangium, Anaeromyxobacter. In addition, BIO application had different effects on soil enzymatic activities and chemical properties. The extractable P and pH saliency correlated with Haliangium and C._Koribacter, and C._sensu_stricto_1 observably correlated with exchangeable K, hydrolytic N and organic matter. Taken together, our data suggest that BIO application effectively controlled weeds and a slight influence on soil bacterial communities and enzymes. These findings expand our knowledge of the application of BIO as widely used as a sustainable weed control in rice paddy.

Phytochemical profiling and allelopathic effect of garlic essential oil on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.).

In agriculture, barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) is one of the most harmful weeds in rice fields now. In order to identify active ingredients which had inhibiting effect on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.), we evaluated several possible natural plant essential oils. Essential oils from twelve plant species showed inhibitory activity against barnyard grass seedlings and root length. The garlic essential oil (GEO) had the most significant allelopathic effect (EC50 = 0.0126 g mL-1). Additionally, the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased during the first 8 hours of treatment at a concentration of 0.1 g mL-1 and then declined. The activities of CAT, SOD and POD increased by 121%, 137% and 110% (0-8h, compared to control), and decreased (8-72h, compared to the maximum value) by 100%, 185% and 183%, respectively. The total chlorophyll content of barnyard grass seedlings decreased by 51% (0-72h) continuously with the same dosage treatment. Twenty constituents of GEO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the herbicidal activity of two main components (diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide) was evaluated. Results showed that both components had herbicidal activity against barnyard grass. GEO had a strong inhibitory effect (~88.34% inhibition) on barnyard grass growth, but safety studies on rice showed it did not have much inhibitory effect on rice seed germination. Allelopathy of GEO provide ideas for the development of new plant-derived herbicides.

Integrated Analysis of microRNA and RNA-Seq Reveals Phenolic Acid Secretion Metabolism in Continuous Cropping of Polygonatum odoratum.

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is an essential Chinese herb, but continuous cropping (CC) often results in a serious root rot disease, reducing the yield and quality. Phenolic acids, released through plant root exudation, are typical autotoxic substances that easily cause root rot in CC. To better understand the phenolic acid biosynthesis of P. odoratum roots in response to CC, this study performed a combined microRNA (miRNA)-seq and RNA-seq analysis. The phenolic acid contents of the first cropping (FC) soil and CC soil were determined by HPLC analysis. The results showed that CC soils contained significantly higher levels of p-coumaric acid, phenylacetate, and caffeic acid than FC soil, except for cinnamic acid and sinapic acid. Transcriptome identification and miRNA sequencing revealed 15,788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 142 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in roots from FC and CC plants. Among them, 28 DEGs and eight DEMs were involved in phenolic acid biosynthesis. Meanwhile, comparative transcriptome and microRNA-seq analysis demonstrated that eight miRNAs corresponding to five target DEGs related to phenolic acid synthesis were screened. Among them, ath-miR172a, ath-miR172c, novel_130, sbi-miR172f, and tcc-miR172d contributed to phenylalanine synthesis. Osa-miR528-5p and mtr-miR2673a were key miRNAs that regulate syringyl lignin biosynthesis. Nta-miR156f was closely related to the shikimate pathway. These results indicated that the key DEGs and DEMs involved in phenolic acid anabolism might play vital roles in phenolic acid secretion from roots of P. odoratum under the CC system. As a result of the study, we may have a better understanding of phenolic acid biosynthesis during CC of roots of P. odoratum.

Rumen-protected glucose stimulates the secretion of reproductive hormones and the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway in the ovaries of early postpartum.

This study was conducted to determine the response of the reproductive hormones and the mTOR/AKT/PI3K pathway in the ovaries of postpartum dairy cows with dietary rumen-protected glucose (RPG). Twelve Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 6/group): the control group (CT) and the RPG group. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 7, and 14 after calving for the gonadal hormone assay. The expression of the gonadal hormones receptors and PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathways were detected using RT-PCR and Western blot. The RPG addition increased the plasma LH, E2, and P4 concentrations on d 14 after calving and upregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of the ERα, ERß, 17ß-HSD, FSHR, LHR, and CYP17A1 but downregulated StAR expression. Immunohistochemical analysis identified higher expressions of the FSHR and LHR in the ovaries of RPG-fed cows compared to CT cows. Furthermore, the protein expressions of p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR were significantly increased in the ovaries of RPG-fed cows compared to the CT group, but the addition of RPG did not alter the protein expression of p-PI3K/PI3K. In conclusion, the current results indicated that dietary RPG supplementation regulated gonadotropin secretion and stimulated expression of hormone receptors and the mTOR/AKT pathway in the ovaries of early postpartum dairy cows. RPG may be beneficial for the recovery of ovarian activity in post-calving dairy cows.

First report of Nigrospora musae causing white leaf spot of Basella alba L in China.

Basella alba L, an edible annual twining herb of the genus Basella and the family Basella, has been widely introduced and cultivated in China. Basella alba L. as a leaf vegetable, is rich in vitamins A and C, iron, and calcium (FAO 1988). In May 2022, severe white leaf spots were observed in plantation located in Shuangfeng County (27°41'36" N, 111°56'60" E), Hunan Province, China. More than 50 Basella alba L plants were surveyed with over 80% disease incidence in an area of 300 square meters of greenhouse. The symptoms on leaves were initially small purplish-brown lesions from leaf margins or tips, with lesions expanded, the middle of the lesions was yellowish-white to yellowish-brown, slightly dented. The edge of lesions was purplish-brown, with obvious boundary between the diseased parts and the non-diseased ones. A total of 20 symptomatic samples were randomly collected. Lesion margins were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water for three times, dried, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C and 60% relative humidity in the dark for 3 days. Hyphal sections from colony edges were transferred to new PDA plates. Six isolates were obtained. Colonies were fast-growing, massive sparse aerial hyphae, initially white, turning gray and black after 7 days. Hyphae were branched, septa, and transparent. To induce sporulation, colonies were transferred to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) plates (Z. M. Wen., & X. Y. Luo 1991). Conidia were single-celled, dark black, oblate, or nearly spherical, and measured 10.2 to 15.1 µm × 9.7 to 16.0 µm in diameter (n=50). For molecular identification, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the ß-tubulin gene (TUB), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1) were amplified from genomic DNA by primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass & Donaldson. 1995), and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn, 1999). The sequences of six isolates (L1, L2, L7, L10, L11, L12) were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OP703335, OP703336, OP703337, OP703338, OP703339, OP703340 (ITS), OP784252, OP784157, OP784253, OP784254, OP784255, OP784256 (TEF-1α), and OP724156, OP724158, OP779771, OP779772, OP779773, OP779774 (TUB2). A blast search of sequences showed the ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB2 sequences had >98% identity with homologue sequences from Nigrospora musae isolates BRJ2 (OP451019.1), CBS 319.34 (KY019419.1) and LC6385 (KY019567.1), respectively. These morphological features and molecular identification indicated that the pathogen possessed identical characteristics as Nigrospora musae (Wang, 2017). Pathogenicity test was carried out in plants. Strains were cultured on CMC plates for 14 days, then the mycelium was scraped to make conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/mL). After 5-6 leaves of the Basella alba L were sprouted, conidial suspension was sprayed directly on the leaves, with leaves sprayed by sterile distilled water as the control. All plants were kept in the greenhouse with temperature at 25/30°C (night/day) and 75% relative humidity. After 7 days, symptoms were observed on inoculated leaves of plants, which were the same as previously described samples, while the control plants showed no symptoms. The test was repeated three times with similar results. The strains reisolated from the inoculated leaves were morphologically identical to Nigrospora musae, conforming to Koch's postulates. symptoms of Nigrospora musae is similar to that of the other leaf diseases of Basella alba L reported in China. (H. P. Jiang.2000; S. Tan.1996). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Nigrospora musae causing white leaf spot of Basella alba L in China. The pathogen may severely threat the production of Basella alba L. The information on identification of this fungus may be helpful to the control and prevention of the disease. References: 1. FAO. 1988. Page 103 in: Traditional Food Plants: A Resource Book for Promoting the Exploitation and Consumption of Food Plants in Arid, Semi-arid and Sub-humid Lands of Eastern Africa. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 42. FAO, Rome, Italy. 2. Z. M. Wen., & X. Y. Luo. Fusarium graminearum spore production medium filtering [J]. Chinese journal of food hygiene, 1991 (04): 11-13. 3. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 4. Carbone, I., et al. 1999. Mycologia. 91: 553-556. 5. Glass, N. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1323. 6. Wang, 2017. Phylogenetic reassessment of Nigrospora: Ubiquitous endophytes, plant, and human pathogens. 7. H. P. Jiang., et al. Occurrence and comprehensive control of white leaf spot of Basella alba L [J]. Plant Protection Technology and Extension, 2000(02):19. 8. S. Tan. The symptoms and control measures of white leaf spot of Basella alba L [J]. Anhui Agricultural, 1996(08):15. *Indicates the corresponding author. Kaifa Guo, E-mail: andygkf@126.com.

First report of Botryosphaeria dothidea causing leaf spot of Camellia oleifera in China.

Camellia oleifera Abel., a small evergreen tree or shrub, is mainly distributed in central and southern China with a larger scale of 4.5 × 106 hectares (Zhu 2020). In May 2021, severe leaf spots were observed in plantation located in Shuangfeng County (27°41'36" N, 111°56'60" E), Hunan Province, China. More than 60 C. oleifera plants were surveyed with over 80% disease incidence. The symptoms on leaves were initially small brown lesions from leaf margins or tips, developing to suborbicular or irregular-shaped dark brown lesions, leading to leaves withered. A total of 60 symptomatic samples were randomly collected. Lesion margins were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water for three times, dried, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3 days. Hyphal sections from colony edges were transferred to new PDA plates. Three isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea were obtained. Colonies of B. dothidea were initially white gradually turning dark-gray with dense aerial mycelium after 6 days. To induce sporulation, colonies of YCB17 were transferred to synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) with sterilized leaves of C. oleifera. Cultures were initially incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3 days, then alternatively exposed to 12-hours near-UV light and 12-hours white light (CHU et al. 2021). After 5 days, conidia formed on leaves were examined microscopically. The conidia were unicellular, aseptate, hyaline, and fusoid, 20.9-25.5×4.7-6.4 µm (n = 50). Morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of B. dothidea (Slippers et al. 2014). DNA sequence was amplified using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (Tang et al. 2022), EF1-728F/986R (Slippers et al. 2004), and ßt2a/2b (Glass & Donaldson. 1995) respectively. The sequences of three isolates (YCB2, YCB3, YCB17) were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers ON714603, MZ613350, MZ613349 (ITS), OM328342, OM328343, OM328344 (TEF-1α), and OM328345, OM328346, OM328347 (TUB2). A blast search of sequences showed the ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB2 sequences had >99% identity with homologue sequences from B. dothidea isolates IRNHM-KZ49 (MG198191.1), CAP288 (EF638732.1) and Mu1 (MK423987.1), respectively. For pathogenicity testing, healthy leaves of 2-year-old C. oleifera plants in the greenhouse were spray-inoculated with conidial suspension (2×106 conidia/mL) from YCB17. Ten surface-sterilized and wounded leaves per plant were sprayed with 30 µL suspension. The other ten wounded leaves sprayed with sterile distilled water served as control. All plants were kept in the greenhouse with temperature at 26 ± 2°C and 50% relative humidity. After 12 days, initial symptoms were observed on more than 80% leaves inoculated with conidial suspension, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control leaves. The test was repeated three times with similar results. It was found that B. dothidea could cause leaf spot of C. oleifera. The infected leaves showed same symptom as samples. Re-isolated fungi from infected leaves were morphologically identical to B. dothidea. Botryosphaeria dothidea has been reported causing leaf spot in a wide range of hosts, but has not previously been reported causing disease on C. oleifera. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea causing leaf spot of Camellia oleifera in China. The information on identification of this fungus may be helpful to the control and prevention of the disease. References: 1. Chu Rui-Tian, et al. 2021. Mycosystema 40(3): 473. 2. Glass, N. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1323. 3. Slippers, B., et al. 2004. Mycologia 96:83. 4. Slippers, B., et al. 2014. Persoonia 33:155. 5. Tang, Y., et al. 2022. Plant Dis. 106: 765. 6. Zhu P.X. People's Daily. 2020.11.09. http://gz.people.com.cn/n2/2020/1119/c194844-34425098.html. *Indicates the corresponding author. Kaifa Guo, E-mail: andygkf@126.com.

The complete chloroplast genome of Digitaria sanguinalis (Graminales: Gramineae).

Digitaria sanguinalis (Linnaeus) Scopoli 1722 is an annual herbal plant that has important medicinal and ecological value. The chloroplast genome was 138,079 bp in length. In total, 129 genes were predicted, including 82 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall AT content of the genome was 61.39%. The phylogenetic analysis showed that D. sanguinalis and D. glauca formed a base clade in Panicoideae close to Thyridolepis xerophila. This study will help to understand the genetic diversity of the Digitaria plants.

Multiple herbicide resistance in Eleusine indica from sugarcane fields in China.

Long-term reliance on herbicide weed control has led to resistance evolution in Eleusine indica in sugarcane fields of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Ninety-six E. indica lines were collected from this region, and their response was tested to six herbicides: glyphosate; glufosinate; PSII-inhibitors diuron and atrazine; and PSI inhibitors paraquat and diquat. Target-site resistance mechanisms were examined in specific lines with multiple resistance to three herbicide modes of action. Of 96 E. indica lines, 51, 26, and 24 lines had resistance to diuron, atrazine, and diquat, respectively, while 14 and 9 had resistance to paraquat and glyphosate. Among 25 lines tested with multiple resistance, 7 lines exhibited resistance to three herbicide modes of action. In two multiple resistant lines (GXER2, GXER5), amplification/over-expression/mutations of the EPSPS gene contributed to the very high-level (up to 109-fold) glyphosate resistance. No target-site mutations/over-expression were identified in the psbA gene in these two lines, so non-target-site resistance mechanisms were likely responsible for the low-level (3-fold) resistance to the PSII herbicides diuron and atrazine. A high-level (23-fold) of paraquat resistance was observed in GXER5, and a low-level (5-fold) paraquat resistance was found in GXER2. Multiple herbicide resistance in E. indica has evolved in sugarcane fields of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region with diverse resistance mechanisms. Therefore, diversified weed control tactics should be adopted to prevent this weed.

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Old trees are critical components of ecosystems, with important ecological function and high genetic diversity. To strengthen the protection and management of old trees, we analyzed the distribution, survival and protection status of old trees and their threatened factors in China. The results showed there were a total of 10.66 million old trees in China. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Yunnan Province had more than one million trees, respectively. For 440000 old trees in 102 counties, 94.3% grew normally, 5.5% in a weak or endangered status, and 0.2% had been dead. The main factors threatened to old trees included natural disasters (e.g., elevated temperature, drought, fire), urbanization, land use, pests and diseases, and cutting and stealing. Among those factors, damage from pests and diseases was the most serious, which was found in 83 counties (81.4%). The second important threatened factor was natural disasters, which occurred in 68 regions (66.7%). In addition, most of the old trees (around 89%) grew in remote countryside, lacking of enough protection. Modern technologies should be used to protect old trees, such as using unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor the growth status of old trees, strengthening pest and disease control, and avoiding natural disasters. Establishing a database of old tree resources is important to update and share information timely to avoid stealing and felling old trees.

Physiological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal underlying phenolic acid action in consecutive monoculture problem of Polygonatum odoratum.

BACKGROUND: The root rot of fragrant solomonseal (Polygonatum odoratum) has occurred frequently in the traditional P. odoratum cultivating areas in recent years, causing a heavy loss in yield and quality. The phenolic acids in soil, which are the exudates from the P. odoratum root, act as allelochemicals that contribute to the consecutive monoculture problem (CMP) of the medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of P. odoratum CMP. RESULTS: The phenolic acid contents, the nutrient chemical contents, and the enzyme activities related to the soil nutrient metabolism in the first cropping (FC) soil and continuous cropping (CC) soil were determined, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the regulation of the phenolic acids in roots were analyzed. The results showed that five low-molecule-weight phenolic acids were detected both in the CC soil and FC soil, but the phenolic acid contents in the CC soil were significantly higher than those in the FC soil except vanillic acid. The contents of the available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the CC soil were significantly decreased, and the activities of urease and sucrase in the CC soil were significantly decreased. The genomic analysis showed that the phenolic acid anabolism in P. odoratum in the CC soil was promoted. These results indicated that the phenolic acids were accumulated in the CC soil, the nutrient condition in the CC soil deteriorated, and the nitrogen metabolism and sugar catabolism of the CC soil were lowered. Meantime, the anabolism of phenolic acids was increased in the CC plant. CONCLUSIONS: The CC system promoted the phenolic acid anabolism in P. odoratum and made phenolic acids accumulate in the soil.

Polyurea microencapsulate suspension: An efficient carrier for enhanced herbicidal activity of pretilachlor and reducing its side effects.

In this study, Pretilachlor polyurea microencapsulate suspension (PMS) with effective controlled release function was carefully prepared. Under the optimal conditions, wall material PM-200 dosage 4%, emulsifier T-60 dosage 4% with S-20 as solvent, the prepared PMS was demonstrated to have encapsulation efficiency approaching to 95.27 ± 0.57 % and high suspension rates of 97.33 ± 0.49 %. Afterwards, PMS was proved to possess average release rate reached to 85.56 %, 55.46 % and 15.85 % respectively in acidic, basic and natural medium. Subsequently, the herbicidal activity of PMS on barnyard grass and the growth safety of rice were evaluated. PMS showed enhanced herbicidal activity against barnyard grass and had lower toxicity to rice growth compared with technical pretilachlor at dose 270-540 g (a.i.)/hm2. In addition, the use safety of PMS was validated to be comparable to that of commercially available pretilachlor emulsifiable concentrate containing additive safener at dose 270-540 g (a.i.)/hm2. Moreover, inhibitory effect of PMS on rice growth was demonstrated to completely eliminated by cooperatively treatment with fenclorim. It was concluded that PMS had enhanced herbicidal activity and application safety, meeting the requirements of minimizing adverse effects of the herbicide on the environment, and enjoying a great application potential in agriculture.

Using exosomal miRNAs extracted from porcine follicular fluid to investigate their role in oocyte development.

BACKGROUND: Follicular development is crucial to normal oocyte maturation, with follicular size closely related to oocyte maturation. To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind porcine oocyte maturation, we obtained exosomal miRNA from porcine follicular fluid (PFF). These miRNA samples were then sequenced and analyzed regarding their different follicular sizes, as described in the methods section. RESULTS: First, these results showed that this process successfully isolated PFF exosomes. Nearly all valid reads from the PFF exosomal sequencing data were successfully mapped to the porcine genome database. Second, we used hierarchical clustering methods to determine that significantly expressed miRNAs were clustered into A, B, C, and D groups in our heatmap according to different follicle sizes. These results allowed for the targeting of potential mRNAs genes related to porcine oocyte development. Third, we chose ten, significantly expressed miRNAs and predicted their target genes for further GO analysis. These results showed that the expression levels of neurotransmitter secretion genes were greatly changed, as were many target genes involved in the regulation of FSH secretion. Notably, these are genes that are very closely related to oocyte maturation in growing follicles. We then used pathway analysis for these targeted genes based on the originally selected ten miRNAs. Results indicated that the pathways were mainly related to the biosynthesis of TGF-beta and its signaling pathway, which are very closely related to reproductive system functions. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, these exosomal miRNAs obtained from PFF may provide a valuable addition to our understanding of the mechanism of porcine oocyte maturation. It is also likely that these exosomal miRNAs could function as molecular biomarkers to choose high-quality oocytes and allow for in vitro porcine embryo production.

Pretilachlor Releasable Polyurea Microcapsules Suspension Optimization and Its Paddy Field Weeding Investigation.

In this study, pretilachlor was encapsulated into polyurea microcapsules prepared by water-initiated polymerization of polyaryl polymethylene isocyanate and eventually made into pretilachlor microcapsules suspension (PMS). We used response surface methodology (RSM) combined with the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model to optimize the formulation of PMS. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of PMS was investigated with respect to three independent variables including wall material dosage (X1), emulsifier dosage (X2), and polymerization stirring speed (X3). The results showed that the regression equation model had a satisfactory accuracy in predicting the EE of PMS. To achieve an optimal condition for PMS preparation, the dose of wall material was set to 5%, the dose of emulsifier was set to 3.5% and the polymerization stirring speed was set to 200 rpm. The EE of PMS was up to 95.68% under the optimized condition, and the spherical shape with smooth surface morphology was observed. PMS was also proven to have delayed release capability and in vivo herbicidal activity against barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] with an LC50 value of 274 mg/L. Furthermore, PMS had efficient weed management compared to commercially available 30% pretilachlor emulsifier (PE), showing a promising potential application for weeding paddy fields.

Chlorogenic acid inhibits forming of diabetes mellitus in rats induced by high-fat high-sucrose and streptozotocin.

To evaluate the inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid on the forming of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, a recognized T2DM model induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFSD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty female SD rats were assigned equally to three groups randomly: normal control with standard commercial (NC), chlorogenic acid treatment with HFSD and chlorogenic acid (90mg/kg, CA), and diabetes model with HFSD (DM). Upon treatment with chlorogenic acid, suppression of the onset of diabetes, reduced serum glucose and insulin concentrations, improved glucose tolerance and increased body weight and visceral fat weight were observed. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein levels, and kidney and pancreas morphology were significantly ameliorated. Chlorogenic acid also inhibited the mRNA levels of hepatic G-6-Pase and up-regulated the mRNA levels of skeletal muscle GLUT4. Our results indicated that before the onset of diabetes, chlorogenic acid had an inhibitory effect against the forming of T2DM induced by HFSD and STZ through regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism.

Extraction and Hypolipidemic Activity of Low Molecular Weight Polysaccharides Isolated from Rosa Laevigata Fruits.

Three novel low molecular weight polysaccharides (RLP-1a, RLP-2a, and RLP-3a) with 9004, 8761, and 7571 Da were first obtained by purifying the crude polysaccharides from the fruits of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Rosae Laevigatae. The conditions for polysaccharides from the R. Laevigatae fruit (RLP) extraction were optimized by the response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 93°C; extraction time, 2.8 h; water to raw material ratio, 22; extraction frequency, 3. Structural characterization showed that RLP-1a consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose with the ratio of 3.14 : 8.21 : 1 : 1.37 : 4.90, whereas RLP-2a was composed of rhamnose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with the ratio of 1.70 : 1 : 93.59 : 2.73, and RLP-3a was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose with the ratio of 6.04 : 26.51 : 2.05 : 1 : 3.17 : 31.77. The NMR analyses revealed that RLP-1a, RLP-2a, and RLP-3a contained 6, 4, and 6 types of glycosidic linkages, respectively. RLP-1a and RLP-3a exhibited distinct antioxidant abilities on the superoxide anions, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. RLPs could decrease the serum lipid levels, elevate the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, enhance the antioxidant enzymes levels, and upregulate of FADS2, ACOX3, and SCD-1 which involved in the lipid metabolic processes and oxidative stress in the high-fat diet-induced rats. These results suggested that RLPs ameliorated the high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced lipid metabolism disturbance in the rat liver through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Low molecular weight polysaccharides of RLP could be served as a novel potential functional food for improving hyperlipidemia and liver oxidative stress responses.