[Performance Assessment of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement Facility Structure].

Two permeable parking lots and one impervious concrete pavement were constructed in Shanghai to study the hydrological and water quality performance of permeable interlocking concrete pavements (PICP) with different base course materials. The hydrological performance and water quality of the influent and effluent under actual precipitation conditions in 2018 were monitored, and the two PICPs used cement-stabilized crushed stones (PICP1) and crushed stones (PICP2) as the base course, respectively. Results show that the annual total volume reduction rates of PICP1 and PICP2 are 37.0% and 38.7%, respectively. The peak flow reduction rate and the time to the peak flow of PICP1 are slightly better than PICP2. PICP1 has better transformation efficiency on NH4+-N in comparison to PICP2, and the release of NO3--N occurs in both PICPs. Moreover, PICP1 has lower effluent concentrations than PICP2 on pollutants like TSS, TP, PP, and DP. The PICP with cement-stabilized crushed stones as base course is helpful to improve the hydrological performance and water quality of the effluent.

[Hydrological Performance Assessment of Permeable Parking Lots in High Water Areas].

In order to evaluate the hydrological performance of permeable pavements in mitigating the surface runoff, four pilot-scale permeable pavement units were constructed in Shanghai and compared with impervious pavements. Three of the permeable facilities with waterproof liners included a pervious concrete pavement (facility Ⅰ), permeable interlocking concrete pavement using cement stabilized macadam as the base course (facility Ⅱ) and permeable interlocking concrete pavement using macadam as the base course (facility Ⅲ). The other two facilities were a conventional permeable interlocking concrete pavement without a liner (facility Ⅳ) and an impervious concrete pavement control (facility 0). V-notch flow meters, data loggers, and a rainfall meter were mounted to monitor the hydrological data. A double-ring infiltrometer was applied to evaluate the infiltration rate of the pavements. During the one-year experiment, the surface runoff and the underdrain discharge flow rate of the four pilot-scale facilities were continuously monitored in actual rainfall and the total volume reduction, peak flow reduction, and peak concentrating time of different facilities were investigated. The results showed that the surface steady infiltration rates of permeable interlocking concrete pavements were less than those of the pervious concrete, and the surface steady infiltration rates of the two types of surface layers decreased after one year of usage. The surface runoff reduction of the four facilities showed no significant differences. The water volume reduction rate of the three types of facilities was weak. The annual total volume reduction rates were 24.2%, 28.5%, and 28.4%, and the controlled rainfall amounts were 5.2 mm, 7.8 mm, and 7.8 mm. The peak flow reduction rate and the time to the peak flow of facility Ⅰ were smaller than those of facility Ⅱ and facility Ⅲ. The peak flow reduction rate and the time to the peak flow of the three facilities showed significant negative correlation with rainfall intensity.

[Performance of Applying Scale Permeable Pavements for Control of Runoff Pollution in an Area with High Groundwater Level].

The purpose of this article was to study the effect of permeable pavements on runoff pollution control and its possible influence on groundwater quality in the area with high groundwater level. Three experimental permeable parking lots and one impermeable parking lot were built in urban Shanghai in order to monitor their quality of influent and effluent water under actual precipitation conditions, in order to investigate the performance of pollutant control effects and to evaluate the possibility of the pollution of groundwater. The results showed that all the three facilities could effectively remove TP, TSS, COD, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and O&G, but imposed poor removal efficiency on TN. Obvious release of NO3--N occurred in all three pavements. The permeable interlocking concrete pavement using cement stabilized crushed stones as base course and the one using crushed stones as base course had a better removal efficiency on NH4+-N than the previous concrete one. The quality of effluent water from different permeable pavements had no significant difference except NH4+-N. The in-situ groundwater quality was generally worse than background values of groundwater in Shanghai. Effluent water quality of three permeable pavements was generally worse than that of the in-situ groundwater, and a number of indicators belonged to or were close to groundwater class V standard. In the area with high groundwater level, there was risk of groundwater pollution caused by permeable pavements without liners.

Interoperative radiotherapy of seventy-two cases of early breast cancer patients during breast-conserving surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate interoperative radiotherapy after breast conservative surgery in early breast cancer patients in terms of postoperative complications, cosmetic outcome and recurrence events. METHODS: From June 2007 to Dec 2011, 143 early breast cancer patients received breast conservative surgery. Seventy-two (study group) received interoperative radiotherapy, compared with 71 patients (control group) given routine radiotherapy. Postoperative complications were evaluated 1 month after surgery; cosmetic outcome was evaluated 1 year postoperatively; recurrence and death events were followed up. RESULTS: The average wound healing time was 13~22 d in the study group and 9~14 d in the control group. In the study group, 2 patients developed lyponecrosis, 16 patients showed wound edema while no such side effects were found in the control group. No infection or hematomas were found in either group. In the study group (59 cases), overall cosmetic outcome in 53 patients was graded as excellent or good, and in 6 as fair or poor. Meanwhile in the control group (56 cases), 42 patients were graded as excellent or good, and 14 as fair or poor (P=0.032). After a follow-up from 3 to 54 months (median: 32 months), two patients (2.78%) in study group developed local relapses, one of them (1.39%) died, 2 patients (2.78%) developed bone metastases. In control group, one patient (1.41%) developed local relapse, 2 patients (2.82%) developed bone metastases, and no one died. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative radiotherapy is safe and reliable with good cosmetic outcome.