Danshen injection mitigated the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing neuroinflammation via the HIF-1α/CXCR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Danshen injection (DI) is effective in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke (IS), including IS, but its mechanism is unclear. A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used to simulate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in SD rats. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was achieved by AAV-HIF-1α. Rats were treated with DI or saline. Neurological scores and infarction rates were assessed. I/R damage was examined by HE, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium and Nissl stainings. Expression levels of relative proteins [TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, SOD, MDA, ROS, HIF-1α, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and NF-κB] were measured. DI treatment improved neurological scores and reduced infarction rates, suggesting that it inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress. The expression levels of HIF-1α, CXCR4 and NF-κB were decreased. However, the effectiveness of DI on inflammation inhibition was lost after HIF-1α overexpression. DI may directly target HIF-1α to suppress neuroinflammation and reduce I/R injury by suppressing the HIF-1α/CXCR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Underwater light source changes microecosystem constructed by Vallisneria spinulosa Yan for water restoration: Efficiency of water purification, characteristics of growth, and rhizosphere.

Submerged macrophytes are effective in ecological restoration of water bodies polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus, and its restoration capacity depends on underwater illumination condition. This study explored the influencing mechanism of illumination on Vallisneria spinulosa Yan (V. spinulosa Yan) for water restoration. Addition of underwater light source increased the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and phosphate removal loads of the V. spinulosa Yan growth system by 61.5, 39.2, 8.5, and 5.0 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the growth of V. spinulosa Yan was obviously promoted, even with high water turbidity. Although the biological nitrogen removal processes were inhibited by adding underwater light source, the growth of V. spinulosa Yan can be significantly improved, thus enhancing the efficiency of water purification via the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by V. spinulosa Yan. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for application of submerged macrophytes in ecological water restoration.

Electro-optic 3D snapshot of a laser wakefield accelerated kilo-ampere electron bunch.

Laser wakefield acceleration, as an advanced accelerator concept, has attracted great attentions for its ultrahigh acceleration gradient and the capability to produce high brightness electron bunches. The three-dimensional (3D) density serves as an evaluation metric for the particle bunch quality and is intrinsically related to the applications of an accelerator. Despite its significance, this parameter has not been experimentally measured in the investigation of laser wakefield acceleration. We report on an electro-optic 3D snapshot of a laser wakefield electron bunch at a position outside the plasma. The 3D shape of the electron bunch was detected by simultaneously performing optical transition radiation imaging and electro-optic sampling. Detailed 3D structures to a few micrometer levels were reconstructed using a genetic algorithm. The electron bunch possessed a transverse size of less than 30 micrometers. The current profile shows a multi-peak structure. The main peak had a duration of < 10 fs and a peak current > 1 kA. The maximum electron 3D number density was ~ 9 × 1021 m -3. This research demonstrates a feasible way of 3D density monitoring on femtosecond kilo-ampere electron bunches, at any position of a beam transport line for relevant applications.

Effects of light qualities on growth and physiological-biochemical traits of Scutellaria baicalensis.

Canopy spectral composition significantly affects growth and functional traits of understory plants. In this study, we explored the optimal light condition suitable for enhancing Scutellaria baicalensis's yield and quality, aiming to provide scientific reference for the exploitation and utilization of medicinal plant resources in the understory of forests. We measured the responses of growth, morphology, biomass allocation, physiological traits, and secon-dary metabolites of S. baicalensis to different light qualities. S. baicalensis was cultured under five LED-light treatments including full spectrum light (control), ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation, blue, green, and red light. Results showed that UV-A significantly reduced plant height, base diameter, leaf thickness, leaf area ratio, and biomass of each organ. Red light significantly reduced base diameter, biomass, effective quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ (ФPSⅡ), and total flavonoid concentration. Under blue light, root length and total biomass of S. baicalensis significantly increased by 48.0% and 10.8%, respectively, while leaf number and chlorophyll content significantly decreased by 20.0% and 31.6%, respectively. The other physiological and biochemical traits were consistent with their responses in control. Our results suggested that blue light promoted photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, and secondary metabolite synthesis of S. baicalensis, while red light and UV-A radiation negatively affected physiological and biochemical metabolic processes. Therefore, the ratio of blue light could be appropriately increased to improve the yield and quality of S. baicalensis.

Subtle magnesium liberation of self-fabricated functional filler actuates highly efficient phosphorus removal from source-separated urine by SBBR.

Domestic wastewater source-separated treatment has attracted wide attention due to the efficiency improvement of sewage treatment systems, energy saving, resource reuse, and the construction and operation cost saving of pipeline networks. Nonetheless, the excess source-separated urine still demands further harmless treatment. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), a new type of composite biofilm reactor developed by filling different fillers into the sequential batch reactor (SBR) reactor, has higher pollutant removal performance and simpler operation and maintenance. However, the phosphorus removal ability of the SBBR filling with conventional fillers is still limited and needs further improvement. In this study, we developed two new fillers, the self-fabricated filler A and B (SFA/SFB), and compared their source-separated urine treatment performance. Long-term treatment experimental results demonstrated that the SBBR systems with different fillers had good removal performance on the COD and TN in the influent, and the removal rate increased with the increasing HRT. However, only the SBBR system with the SFA showed excellent PO43--P and TP removal performance, with the removal rates being 83.7 ± 11.9% and 77.3 ± 13.7% when the HRT was 1 d. Microbial community analysis results indicated that no special bacteria with strong phosphorus removal ability were present on the surface of the SFA. Adsorption experimental results suggested that the SFA had better adsorption performance for phosphorus than the SFB, but it could not always have stronger phosphorus adsorption and removal performance during long-term operation due to the adsorption saturation. Through a series of characterizations such as SEM, XRD, and BET, it was found that the SFA had a looser structure due to the use of different binder and production processes, and the magnesium in the SFA gradually released and reacted with PO43- and NH4+ in the source-separated urine to form dittmarite and struvite, thus achieving efficient phosphorus removal. This study provides a feasible manner for the efficient treatment of source-separated urine using the SBBR system with self-fabricated fillers.

Progress in the study of reproductive toxicity of platinum-based antitumor drugs and their means of prevention.

Platinum-based antitumor drugs are broad-spectrum agents with unique mechanisms of action. Combination chemotherapy regimens based on platinum drugs are commonly used in cancer treatment. However, these drugs can cause various adverse reactions in the human body through different routes of administration, including reproductive toxicity, genetic toxicity, and embryonic developmental toxicity. Preventing adverse effects is crucial to enhance patients' quality of life and reduce healthcare costs. This article discusses the types and developmental history of antitumor active platinum compounds, their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and their potential reproductive, genetic, and embryonic developmental toxicity. This text explores preventive measures based on animal experimental results. Its aim is to provide references for personalized treatment and occupational protection when using platinum drugs. The continuous progress of science and technology, along with the deepening of medical research, suggests that the application of platinum drugs will broaden. Therefore, the development of new platinum drugs will be an important direction for future research.

Modular supersonic nozzle for the stable laser-driven electron acceleration.

The sharp density down-ramp injection (shock injection) mechanism produces the quasi-monoenergetic electron beam with a bunch duration of tens of femtoseconds via laser wakefield acceleration. The stability of the accelerated electron beam strongly depends on the stability of the laser beam and the shock structure produced by the supersonic gas nozzle. In this paper, we report the study of a newly designed modular supersonic nozzle with a flexible stilling chamber and a converging-diverging structure. The performance of the nozzle is studied both numerically and experimentally with the computational fluid dynamics simulation and the Mach-Zehnder interferometry method. The simulation results and the experimental measurements are well consistent, and both prove the effectiveness of the stilling chamber in stabilizing the gas flow.

Long non-coding RNA NBR2 suppresses the progression of colorectal cancer by downregulating miR-19a to regulate M2 macrophage polarization.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract that significantly impacts the health of patients and lacks promising methods of diagnosis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are involved in CRC progression, and their function is regulated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The lncRNA NBR2 was recently reported as an oncogene, whose function in CRC remains uncertain. The present study aimed to investigate the biological function of lncRNA NBR2 in the progression of CRC and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Ten pairs of clinical CRC and para-carcinoma tissues were collected to determine the expression levels of lncRNA NBR2 and miR-19a, and the polarization state of TAMs. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of miR-19a, and western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, human leukocyte antigen-DR, arginase-1, CD163, CD206, interleukin-4, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPK, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-mTOR in TAMs. The proliferative ability of HCT-116 cells was detected using the CCK8 assay, and the migratory ability of HCT-116 cells was evaluated using the Transwell assay. The interaction between lncRNA NBR2 and miR-19a was determined using the luciferase assay. The lncRNA NBR2 was downregulated and miR-19a was highly expressed in CRC cells, accompanied by a high M2 polarization. Downregulated miR-19a promoted M1 polarization, activated AMPK, suppressed HIF-1α and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, and promoted antitumor properties in NBR2-overexpressed TAMs, which were all reversed by the introduction of the miR-19a mimic. LncRNA NBR2 was verified to target miR-19a in macrophages according to the results of the luciferase assay. Collectively, lncRNA NBR2 may suppress the progression of CRC by downregulating miR-19a to regulate M2 macrophage polarization.

Notable improvements on LWFA through precise laser wavefront tuning.

Laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) continues to grow and awaken interest worldwide, especially as in various applications it approaches performance comparable to classical accelerators. However, numerous challenges still exist until this can be a reality. The complex non-linear nature of the process of interaction between the laser and the induced plasma remains an obstacle to the widespread LWFA use as stable and reliable particle sources. It is commonly accepted that the best wavefront is a perfect Gaussian distribution. However, experimentally, this is not correct and more complicated ones can potentially give better results. in this work, the effects of tuning the laser wavefront via the controlled introduction of aberrations are explored for an LWFA accelerator using the shock injection configuration. Our experiments show the clear unique correlation between the generated beam transverse characteristics and the different input wavefronts. The electron beams stability, acceleration and injection are also significantly different. We found that in our case, the best beams were generated with a specific complex wavefront. A greater understanding of electron generation as function of the laser input is achieved thanks to this method and hopes towards a higher level of control on the electrons beams by LWFA is foreseen.

The heterophilicic epitopes in conserved HA regions of human and avian influenza viruses can produce antibodies that bound to kidney tissue.

Influenza virus infection can cause kidney damage. However, the link between influenza infection and disease is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between heterophilic epitopes on H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) and disease. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against H5N1 was prepared, mAbs binding to human kidney tissue were screened, and the reactivities of mAbs with five different subtypes of influenza virus were detected. Design and synthesize the peptides according to the common amino acid sequence of these antigens, and analyze the distribution of the epitope on the crystal structure of HA. Immunological methods were used to detect whether the heterophilic epitopes could induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with kidney tissue. The results showed that H5-30 mA b binding to human kidney tissue recognized the heterophilic epitope 191-LVLWGIHHP-199 on the head of HA. The key amino acid were V192, L193, W194 and I196, which were highly conserved in human and avian influenza virus HA. The heterophilic epitope could induce mice to produce different mAbs binding to kidney tissue. Such heterophilic antibodies were also detected in the serum of the patients. It can provide materials for the mechanism of renal diseases caused by influenza virus infection.

Nesfatin-1 alleviates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in newborn mice by inhibiting oxidative stress through regulating SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a pulmonary disease commonly observed in premature infants and it is reported that oxidative stress is a critical induction factor in BPD and is considered as a promising target for treating BPD. Nesfatin-1 is a brain-gut peptide with inhibitory effects on food intake, which is recently evidenced to show suppressive effect on oxidative stress. The present study aims to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Nesfatin-1 in BPD mice. AECIIs were extracted from newborn rats and exposed to hyperoxia for 24 h, followed by treatment with 5 and 10 nM Nesfatin-1. Declined cell viability, increased apoptotic rate, upregulated Bax, downregulated Bcl-2, increased release of ROS and MDA, and suppressed SOD activity were observed in hyperoxia-treated AECIIs, which were extremely reversed by Nesfatin-1. Newborn rats were exposed to hyperoxia, followed by treated with 10 µg/kg Nesfatin-1 and 20 µg/kg Nesfatin-1. Severe pathological changes, elevated MDA level, and declined SOD activity were observed in lung tissues of BPD mice, which were rescued by Nesfatin-1. Furthermore, the protective effect of Nesfatin-1 on hyperoxia-challenged AECIIs was abolished by silencing SIRT1. Collectively, Nesfatin-1 alleviated hyperoxia-induced lung injury in newborn mice by inhibiting oxidative stress through regulating SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.

Effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on the intestinal microbiota, transcriptome, and metabolomic of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Aeromonas hydrophila frequently has harmful effects on aquatic organisms. The intestine is an important defense against stress. In this study, we investigated the intestinal microbiota and transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of Cyprinus carpio subjected to A. hydrophila infection. The results showed that obvious variation in the intestinal microbiota was observed after infection, with increased levels of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and decreased levels of Proteobacteria. Several genera of putatively beneficial microbiota (Cetobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus) were abundant, while Demequina, Roseomonas, Rhodobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Cellvibrio were decreased; pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio were increased after microbiota infection. The intestinal transcriptome revealed several immune-related differentially expressed genes associated with the cytokines and oxidative stress. The metabolomic analysis showed that microbiota infection disturbed the metabolic processes of the carp, particularly amino acid metabolism. This study provides insight into the underlying mechanisms associated with the intestinal microbiota, immunity, and metabolism of carp response to A. hydrophila infection; eleven stress-related metabolite markers were identified, including N-acetylglutamic acid, capsidiol, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, prostaglandin B1, 8,9-DiHETrE, 12,13-DHOME, ADP, cellobiose, 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, sinapic acid and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone.

Multi-Scale Fusion Localization Based on Magnetic Trajectory Sequence.

Magnetic fingerprint has a multitude of advantages in the application of indoor positioning, but as a weak magnetic field, the dynamic range of the data is limited, which exerts direct influence on the positioning accuracy. Aiming at resolving the problem wherein the indoor magnetic positioning results tremendously rest with the magnetic characteristics, this paper puts forward a method based on deep learning to fuse the temporal and spatial characteristics of magnetic fingerprints, to fully explore the magnetic characteristics and to obtain stable and trustworthy positioning results. First and foremost, the trajectory of the acquisition area is extracted by adopting the ameliorated random waypoint model, and the simulation of pedestrian trajectory is completed. Then, the magnetic sequence is obtained by mapping the magnetic data. Aside from that, considering the scale characteristics of the sequence, a scale transformation unit is designed to obtain multi-scale features. At length, the neural network self-attention mechanism is adopted to fuse multiple features and output the positioning results. By probing into the positioning results of dissimilar indoor scenes, this method can adapt to diverse scenes. The average positioning error in a corridor, open area and complex area reaches 0.65 m, 0.93 m and 1.38 m respectively. The addition of multi-scale features has certain reference value for ameliorating the positioning performance.

A comprehensive review on mixotrophic denitrification processes for biological nitrogen removal.

Biological denitrification is the most widely used method for nitrogen removal in water treatment. Compared with heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, mixotrophic denitrification is later studied and used. Because mixotrophic denitrification can overcome some shortcomings of heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, such as a high carbon source demand for heterotrophic denitrification and a long start-up time for autotrophic denitrification. It has attracted extensive attention of researchers and is increasingly used in biological nitrogen removal processes. However, so far, a comprehensive review is lacking. This paper aims to review the current research status of mixotrophic denitrification and provide guidance for future research in this field. It is shown that mixotrophic denitrification processes can be divided into three main kinds based on different kinds of electron donors, mainly including sulfur-, hydrogen-, and iron-based reducing substances. Among them, sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification is the most widely studied. The most concerned influencing factors of mixotrophic denitrification processes are hydraulic retention times (HRT) and ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total inorganic nitrogen (C/N). The dominant functional bacteria of sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification system are Thiobacillus, Azoarcus, Pseudomonas, and Thauera. At present, mixotrophic denitrification processes are mainly applied for nitrogen removal in drinking water, groundwater, and wastewater treatment. Finally, challenges and future research directions are discussed.

The effect of varied exercise intensity on antioxidant function, aortic endothelial function, and serum lipids in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / El efecto del ejercicio de intensidad variada sobre la función antioxidante, la función endotelial aórtica y los lípidos séricos en ratas con enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico

Abstract This study aimed to compare the effects of diet and exercise of different intensities on antioxidant function, aortic endothelial cell function and serum lipids in NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) rats. Fifty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (180-220g) were randomly divided into two experimental groups and fed either a standard rodent chow diet (CON; n=10) or a high-fat diet (HFD; n=40). After 16 weeks, the animals that received the HFD were randomly separated into a high-fat control group (HFC; n=10) or three exercise training groups: HFD and low-intensity exercise (LE; n=10), HFD and moderate-intensity exercise (ME; n=10), and HFD and incremental intensity exercise (IE; n=10). These experimental rats keep sedentary or trained for the next six weeks. A detection kit was used to detect nitric oxide synthase (NOs), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and other markers of aortic oxidative stress. The expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were detected by immunohistochemistry. TC, TG, and other lipid metabolism parameters were detected by an automatic analyzer. Exercise with different intensities could improve lipid metabolism, enhance antioxidant function, reduce MDA (P<0.01), increase NO (P<0.01), and improve the expression of e-NOS and ET-1 (P<0.01) protein levels in NAFLD rats. Decreased blood lipids were exhibited in all exercise groups. Notably, the moderate-intensity exercise demonstrated more effect on increasing glutathione (GSH) contents (P<0.01) and decreased the expression of ET-1 protein levels (P<0.01). The results showed that exercise at different intensities improved lipid metabolism and enhanced anti-oxidation function. Moderate exercise could improve the function of aortic endothelial cells.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los efectos de la dieta y el ejercicio a diferentes intensidades sobre la función antioxidante, la función de las células endoteliales aórticas y los lípidos séricos en ratas NAFLD (con enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico) y alimentados con una dieta estándar para roedores (CON; n = 10) o con una dieta alta en grasas (HFD; n = 40). Después de 16 semanas, los animales que recibieron HFD se separaron aleatoriamente en un grupo de control alto en grasas (HFC; n=10) o tres grupos de entrenamiento físico: HFD y ejercicio de baja intensidad (LE; n=10), HFD y ejercicio de intensidad moderada (ME; n=10), y HFD y ejercicio de intensidad incremental (IE; n=10). Estas ratas experimentales se mantuvieron sedentarias o entrenadas durante las próximas seis semanas. Se utilizó un kit de detección para determinar óxido nítrico sintetasa (NO), óxido nítrico (NO), malondialdehído (MDA) y otros marcadores de estrés oxidativo aórtico. Los niveles de expresión de la óxido nítrico sintetasa endotelial (e-NOS) y endotelina-1 (ET-1) se detectaron mediante inmunohistoquímica. El analizador automático detectó TC, TG y otros parámetros del metabolismo de los lípidos. El ejercicio con diferente intensidad mejoró el metabolismo de los lípidos, mejoró la función antioxidante, redujo la MDA (P <0,01), aumentó el NO (P <0,01) y mejoró la expresión de los niveles de proteína e-NOS y ET-1 (P <0,01) en ratas NAFLD. Se observó una disminución de los lípidos en sangre en todos los grupos de ejercicio. En particular, el ejercicio de intensidad moderada demostró un mayor efecto en el aumento del contenido de glutatión (GSH) (P<0,01) y disminuyó la expresión de los niveles de proteína ET-1 (P<0,01). Los resultados mostraron que el ejercicio a diferentes intensidades mejoró el metabolismo de los lípidos y mejoró función antioxidante. El ejercicio moderado podría mejorar la función de las células endoteliales aórticas.

Wandering small intestinal stromal tumor: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in the small intestine is rare, and a case of wandering small intestinal stromal tumor has been rarely reported to date. Dissemination of this case can help inform future diagnosis and effective treatment. CASE SUMMARY: A 68-year-old patient presented to us with tarry stools. Computed tomography showed a mobile tumor moving widely within the abdominal cavity. As the laboratory data showed a low range of red blood cells and an immediate surgery was not indicated, we performed digital subtraction angiography and embolization to achieve hemostasis. Surgical resection was performed after the patient's condition improved. The tumor was successfully removed laparoscopically. Histological examination revealed submucosal GIST with infarction, which was of intermediate-risk, with mitotic count < 1 per 10 high-power field. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the following: CD117+, Dog1+, CD34+, SMA+, S100-, CK-, Des-, SOX-11-, STAT6-, Ki67 Hotspots 10%+. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with wandering small intestinal stromal tumor. CONCLUSION: When a highly vascularized tumor is clinically encountered in the small intestine, the possibility of stromal tumors should be considered. However, when the tumor cannot be visualized at its original location, the possibility of tumor migration is considered.

Sinomenine promotes differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into immature dendritic cells with high induction of immune tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Immature dendritic cells (imDCs) play an important role in the induction of donor-specific transplant immunotolerance. However, these cells have limitations, such as rapid maturation and a short lifespan in vivo. In previous studies, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated into imDCs, and sinomenine (SN) was used to inhibit the maturation of imDCs. AIM: To study the capacity of SN to maintain iPSC-derived imDCs (SN-iPSCs-imDCs) in an immature state and the mechanism by which SN-iPSCs-imDCs induce immunotolerance. METHODS: In this study, mouse iPSCs were induced to differentiate into imDCs in culture medium without or with SN (iPSCs-imDCs and SN-iPSCs-imDCs). The imDC-related surface markers, endocytotic capacity of fluorescein isothiocyanate-Dextran and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of iPSCs-imDCs and SN-iPSCs-imDCs on T-cell stimulatory function, and regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferative function in vitro were analyzed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Cytokine expression was detected by ELISA. The apoptosis-related proteins of iPSCs-DCs and SN-iPSCs-DCs were analyzed by western blotting. The induced immunotolerance of SN-iPSCs-DCs was evaluated by treating recipient Balb/c skin graft mice. Statistical evaluation of graft survival was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Both iPSCs-imDCs and SN-iPSCs-imDCs were successfully obtained, and their biological characteristics and ability to induce immunotolerance were compared. SN-iPSCs-imDCs exhibited higher CD11c levels and lower CD80 and CD86 levels compared with iPSCs-imDCs. Reduced major histocompatibility complex II expression, worse T-cell stimulatory function, higher Treg cell proliferative function and stronger endocytotic capacity were observed with SN-iPSCs-imDCs (P < 0.05). The levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon-γ in SN-iPSCs-imDCs were lower than those in iPSCs-imDCs, whereas IL-10 and transforming growth factor-ß levels were higher (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of these cells was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the expression levels of cleaved caspase3, Bax and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were higher after treatment with lipopolysaccharides, but Bcl-2 was reduced. In Balb/c mice recipients immunized with iPSCs-imDCs or SN-iPSCs-imDCs 7 d before skin grafting, the SN-iPSCs-imDCs group showed lower ability to inhibit donor-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and a higher capacity to induce CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cell proliferation in the spleen (P < 0.05). The survival span of C57bl/6 skin grafts was significantly prolonged in immunized Balb/c recipients with a donor-specific pattern. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that SN-iPSCs-imDCs have potential applications in vitro and in vivo for induction of immunotolerance following organ transplantation.

[Clinical application of acromion radiological classification in diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff injury].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new classification of acromion based on the subacromial impingement theory and the Rockwood tilt view. And explore the application value of the new classification in the diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tear. METHODS: The clinical data of 101 patients underwent shoulder arthroscopic surgery for impingement syndrome or rotator cuff tear from January to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 34 males and 67 females, aged from 34 to 76 years with an average of (56.31±9.63) years old, course of disease from 2 to 12 months with average of 6 months. Preoperative radiographs of the routine anteroposterior view, Rockwood tilt view and the supraspinatus outlet view were obtained. Based on the subacromial impingement theory and Rockwood radiographs, the morphology of the acromion can be divided into three types:typeⅠ(flat type), typeⅡ(bump type), and type Ⅲ (impingement type). Two observers classified 101 shoulder Rockwood radiographs according to the new classification method and the supraspinatus Outlet radiographs according to the traditional acromial morphological classification method. Supraspinatus tendon injuries were classified into no tear, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness tear according to the arthroscopic findings. Concordance test (Kappa value) between the inter-observer and intra-observer was carried out for the new classification method and the traditional classification method respectively. The rank sum test was used to compare the mean acromiohumeral distance(AHD) of the three acromion forms in the new acromion classification method. Spearman rank correlation test and Gamma method were used to analyze the correlation between the new acromion classification method and the degree of supraspinatus tendon tear. RESULTS: The inter-observer consistency analysis of the new classification system was significantly better than that of the traditional classification (0.827 vs 0.278), the intra-observer consistency analysis of the new classification system were also significantly better than that of the traditional classification (0.921 vs 0.448, 0.890 vs 0.539). There was no statistical significance in the AHD among three types of the new classification(H=2.186, P>0.05). In all 101 patients, the highest proportion of impingement type acromion was 45.5% (46 cases), followed by bump type acromion was 36.6% (37 cases), and flat type acromion was 17.8% (18 cases). The incidence of supraspinatus tendon tear in the patients with impingement type acromion was significantly higher than that of the other two types of acromion, there was a spearman rank correlation between the new acromion type and the degree of the supraspinatus tendon tear(rs=0.719, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Rockwood radiographs of the shoulder can well display the anterolateral osteophytes of the acromion. The new acromion classification method based on Rockwood radiographs has high reliability and good reproducibility, in which impingement type of acromion is closely related to supraspinatus tendon tear. Compared with the traditional classification and AHD, the new classification method has more diagnostic value than for rotator cuff injury.

Co-Application of C16 and Ang-1 Improves the Effects of Levodopa in Parkinson Disease Treatment.

Background: Levodopa is regarded as a standard medication in Parkinson disease (PD) treatment. However, long-term administration of levodopa leads to levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), which can markedly affect patient quality of life. Previous studies have shown that neuroinflammation in the brain plays a role in LID and increases potential neuroinflammatory mediators associated with the side effects of levodopa. Objective: The treatment effect of C16 (a peptide that competitively binds integrin αvß3 and inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1; a vascular endothelial growth factor vital for blood vessel protection), along with levodopa, was evaluated in a rodent model of PD. Methods: We administered a combination of C16 and Ang-1 in a rodent model of PD induced by MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Seventy-five mice were randomly divided into five treatment groups: control, vehicle, levodopa, C16+Ang-1, and levodopa+C16+Ang-1. Behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological experiments were used to determine neuron function and recovery. Results: The results showed that C16+Ang-1 treatment alleviated neuroinflammation in the CNS and promoted the recovery effects of levodopa on neural function. Conclusion: Our study suggests that C16+Ang-1 can compensate for the shortcomings of levodopa, improve the CNS microenvironment, and ameliorate the effects of levodopa. This treatment strategy could be developed as a combinatorial therapeutic in the future.

Roles of Surfactants in Oriented Immobilization of Cellulase on Nanocarriers and Multiphase Hydrolysis System.

Surfactants, especially non-ionic surfactants, play an important role in the preparation of nanocarriers and can also promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. A broad overview of the current status of surfactants on the immobilization of cellulase is provided in this review. In addition, the restricting factors in cellulase immobilization in the complex multiphase hydrolysis system are discussed, including the carrier structure characteristics, solid-solid contact obstacles, external diffusion resistance, limited recycling frequency, and nonproductive combination of enzyme active centers. Furthermore, promising prospects of cellulase-oriented immobilization are proposed, including the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction of surfactants and cellulase in the oil-water reaction system, the reversed micelle system of surfactants, and the possible oriented immobilization mechanism.