ABSTRACT
Sirenians of the superorder Afrotheria were the first mammals to transition from land to water and are the only herbivorous marine mammals. Here, we generated a chromosome-level dugong (Dugong dugon) genome. A comparison of our assembly with other afrotherian genomes reveals possible molecular adaptations to aquatic life by sirenians, including a shift in daily activity patterns (circadian clock) and tolerance to a high-iodine plant diet mediated through changes in the iodide transporter NIS (SLC5A5) and its co-transporters. Functional in vitro assays confirm that sirenian amino acid substitutions alter the properties of the circadian clock protein PER2 and NIS. Sirenians show evidence of convergent regression of integumentary system (skin and its appendages) genes with cetaceans. Our analysis also uncovers gene losses that may be maladaptive in a modern environment, including a candidate gene (KCNK18) for sirenian cold stress syndrome likely lost during their evolutionary shift in daily activity patterns. Genomes from nine Australian locations and the functionally extinct Okinawan population confirm and date a genetic break ~10.7 thousand years ago on the Australian east coast and provide evidence of an associated ecotype, and highlight the need for whole-genome resequencing data from dugong populations worldwide for conservation and genetic management.
Subject(s)
Genome , Mammals , Animals , Genome/genetics , Mammals/genetics , Phylogeny , Evolution, Molecular , Aquatic Organisms/genetics , Australia , Circadian Clocks/genetics , Biological EvolutionABSTRACT
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an important molecule in the mucosal immunity of teleosts. Previous studies have shown that pIgR can bind and transport polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs), but few studies have focused on the binding of teleost pIgR to bacteria. In this study, we identified a gene encoding pIgR in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The pIgR gene contained two Ig-like domains (ILDs), which were homologous to ILD1 and ILD5 of mammalian pIgR. Our results showed that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could combine with IgM. Moreover, we also found that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could bind to Aeromonas hydrophila and Micrococcus luteus. Further analysis showed that largemouth bass pIgR-ILD could also combine with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and various saccharides, and reduced binding to bacteria was observed with LPS and PGN treatment, indicating that largemouth bass pIgR could bind to bacteria to prevent infection and that saccharide binding is an important interaction mechanism between pIgR and bacteria. These results collectively demonstrated that largemouth bass pIgR not only combines with IgM but also binds to bacteria by various saccharides.
Subject(s)
Aeromonas hydrophila/immunology , Bass/immunology , Immunoglobulin M/immunology , Micrococcus luteus/immunology , Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/genetics , Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Bass/genetics , Fish Diseases/immunology , Immunity, Mucosal/genetics , Immunity, Mucosal/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Peptidoglycan/immunology , Phylogeny , Protein Domains/genetics , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Genetic variability of DNA repair mechanisms influences chemotherapy treatment outcome of gastric cancer. We conducted a cohort study to investigate the role of ERCC1-ERCC2 gene polymorphisms in the chemotherapy response and clinic outcome of gastric cancer. Between March 2011 and March 2013, 228 gastric patients who were newly diagnosed with histopathology were enrolled in our study. Genotypes of ERCC1 rs11615, rs3212986, rs2298881 and ERCC2 rs3212986 were conducted by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. We found that individuals carrying TT genotype of ERCC1 rs11615 and CC genotype of ERCC1 rs2298881 were associated with better response to chemotherapy and longer survival time of gastric cancer. Moreover, individuals with AA genotype of ERCC2 rs1799793 were correlated with shorter survival of gastric cancer. In conclusion, ERCC1 rs11615, rs2298881 and ERCC2 rs1799793 polymorphism play an important role in the treatment outcome of gastric cancer.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , DNA Repair/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Endonucleases/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein/genetics , Disease Progression , Female , Fluorouracil/therapeutic use , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Leucovorin/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Organoplatinum Compounds/therapeutic use , Phenotype , Proportional Hazards Models , Remission Induction , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms/enzymology , Stomach Neoplasms/mortality , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of interventional treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome(KTS). METHODS: The clinical data of 20 KTS patients admitted into our hospital from March 2005 to October 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: All 20 patients underwent angiography after the relevant examinations. Among them, 18 patients underwent interventional treatment (embolization with PVA particles and spring coils). Two patients received no interventional treatment due to non-cooperation, high risk or extremely thin vessels. And 18 patients achieved excellent results after interventional treatment. Neither complications nor peri-operative mortality occurred. The patients were followed-up for an average period of 12 months. Mild symptoms recurred in 2 patients. CONCLUSION: Interventional treatment is an effective, safe and mini-invasive procedure for KTS with satisfactory long-term outcomes.
