Nanozymes sensor array for discrimination and intelligent sensing of phenolic acids in food.

Although nanozymes sensor arrays have the potential to recognize multiple target substances simultaneously, they currently rarely identify phenolic acids in food due to limited catalytic performance and complex preparation conditions of nanozymes. Here, inspired by the structure of polyphenol oxidase, we have successfully prepared a novel gallic acid-Cu (GA-Cu) nanozyme with laccase-like activity. Due to the different catalytic efficiency of GA-Cu nanozymes towards six common phenolic acids, a three-channel colorimetric sensor array was constructed using reaction kinetics as the sensing unit to achieve high-throughput detection and identification of six phenolic acids within a concentration range from 1 to 100 µM. This method avoids the creation of numerous sensing units. Notably, the successful discrimination of six phenolic acids in samples of juice, beer, and wine has been achieved by the sensor array. Finally, aided by smartphones, a portable technique has been devised for the detection of phenolic acids.

A Critical Review on Immobilized Sucrose Isomerase and Cells for Producing Isomaltulose.

Isomaltulose is a novel sweetener and is considered healthier than the common sugars, such as sucrose or glucose. It has been internationally recognized as a safe food product and holds vast potential in pharmaceutical and food industries. Sucrose isomerase is commonly used to produce isomaltulose from the substrate sucrose in vitro and in vivo. However, free cells/enzymes were often mixed with the product, making recycling difficult and leading to a significant increase in production costs. Immobilized cells/enzymes have the following advantages including easy separation from products, high stability, and reusability, which can significantly reduce production costs. They are more suitable than free ones for industrial production. Recently, immobilized cells/enzymes have been encapsulated using composite materials to enhance their mechanical strength and reusability and reduce leakage. This review summarizes the advancements made in immobilized cells/enzymes for isomaltulose production in terms of refining traditional approaches and innovating in materials and methods. Moreover, innovations in immobilized enzyme methods include cross-linked enzyme aggregates, nanoflowers, inclusion bodies, and directed affinity immobilization. Material innovations involve nanomaterials, graphene oxide, and so on. These innovations circumvent challenges like the utilization of toxic cross-linking agents and enzyme leakage encountered in traditional methods, thus contributing to enhanced enzyme stability.

Smartphone-assisted nanozyme sensor array constructed based on reaction kinetics for the discrimination and identification of phenolic compounds.

Although the research on nanozymes has attracted widespread attention in recent years, the development of highly active and multifunctional nanozymes remains a challenge. Here, a bifunctional AMP-Cu nanozyme with laccase- and catecholase-like activities was successfully prepared at room temperature with Cu2+ as the metal ion and adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) as the ligand molecule. Based on the excellent catalytic performance of AMP-Cu, a three-channel colorimetric sensor array was constructed using reaction kinetics as the sensing unit to achieve high-throughput detection and identification of six common phenolic compounds at low concentrations. This strategy simplifies the construction of sensor array and demonstrates the capacity to obtain multidimensional data from a single material. Finally, with the assistance of smartphones and homemade dark boxes, a portable on-site detection method for phenolic compounds was developed. This work would contribute to the development of portable sensors and the highly efficient identification of phenolic compounds in complex samples.

An electrochemical ratiometric biosensor for the detection of dopamine based on an MXene-Au nanocomposite.

Compared with single signal detection, a ratiometric biosensor could offer more accurate and reliable results. Here, a ratiometric electrochemical biosensor for the sensitive and accurate detection of dopamine was developed based on the strong adsorption ability of MXene-Au toward methylene blue, an inner reference element. This ratiometric sensing strategy opened up a new avenue for the development of a ratiometric platform.

Metagenomic insight on consortium degradation of soil weathered petroleum and its supplement based on gene abundance change.

Petroleum biodegradation is of importance for the mitigation of secondary pollutants from soil chemical remediation. Describing the gene abundance change of the petroleum degradation emerged as an important practice for success. In this study, an indigenous consortium with targeting-enzyme was utilized to develop a degradative system that was later subjected to metagenomic analysis on the soil microbial community. Centering on ko00625 pathway, abundance change of dehydrogenase gene was firstly found increasing from groups D, DS to DC in turn, just in an opposite direction with that of oxygenase. In addition, gene abundance of responsive mechanism went rising with degradative process as well. This finding sufficiently promoted that equal attention should be paid to both degradative and responsive processes. Hydrogen donor system was innovatively built on the consortium-used soil to satisfy the demand of dehydrogenase gene tendency and to sustain further petroleum degradation. Anaerobic pine-needle soil was supplemented to this system, bi-functionally serving as dehydrogenase substrate with nutrients and hydrogen donor. In doing so, two successive degradations optimally achieved the total removal rate 75.6-78.7% for petroleum hydrocarbon. The conception on the gene abundance changes and its corresponding supplement helps industries of concern to develop geno-tag guided framework.

Stimuli-responsive cancer nanomedicines inhibit glycolysis and impair redox homeostasis.

The solid tumors are characterized with oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming, which has been independently used for targeted tumor monotherapy. However, the potential of targeting metabolism-redox circuit in tumor therapy has long been neglected. Herein, we report a hybrid nanocarrier for concurrent targeting of glycolysis and redox balance in the current work. The nanocarriers are made of pH- and ATP-responsive zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) as the porous core that was further coated with poloxamer 407 as the steric stabilizer. Two active cargos, glucose oxidase (GOx) and 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) were co-loaded in the core of nanocarrier. GOx is well-known for its ability of producing hydrogen peroxide at the expense of glucose and oxygen. 3-BrPA can reduce oxygen and glucose consumption through glycolysis, which sensitized cancer cells to GOx-induced apoptosis. At the cellular level, the hybrid nanocarrier significantly impaired the redox balance in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), as evidenced by the depletion of glutathione and boost of reactive oxygen species. The potency of hybrid nanocarrier in terms of suppressing HepG2 cell energy metabolism was proven by the exhaustion of ATP. As a consequence, cell viability was greatly reduced. The in vivo efficacy of hybrid nanocarriers was demonstrated in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice. The current work presents an approach of targeting metabolism-redox circuit for tumor treatment, which may enrich the available anti-tumor strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Metabolic alterations and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two characteristics of cancer. The metabolic patterns of cancer cells are elaborately reprogrammed to enable the rapid propagation of cancer cells. However, the potential of targeting the metabolism-redox circuit in anti-tumor therapy has long been neglected. As a proof-of-concept, we report an engineered stimuli-responsive nanomedicine that can eradicate cancer cells via cooperative glycolysis inhibition and redox impairment. The current work presents an approach of targeting the metabolism-redox circuit for tumor treatment, which may enrich the available anti-tumor strategies.

Synthesis, molecular docking, and binding Gibbs free energy calculation of ß-nitrostyrene derivatives: Potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has had a significant impact on human health and the economic development. SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CLpro) is highly conserved and plays a key role in mediating the transcription of virus replication. It is an ideal target for the design and screening of anti-coronavirus drugs. In this work, seven ß-nitrostyrene derivatives were synthesized by Henry reaction and ß-dehydration reaction, and their inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease were identified by enzyme activity inhibition assay in vitro. Among them, 4-nitro-ß-nitrostyrene (compound a) showed the lowest IC50 values of 0.7297 µM. To investigate the key groups that determine the activity of ß-nitrostyrene derivatives and their interaction mode with the receptor, the molecular docking using the CDOCKER protocol in Discovery Studio 2016 was performed. The results showed that the hydrogen bonds between ß-NO2 and receptor GLY-143 and the π-π stacking between the aryl ring of the ligand and the imidazole ring of receptor HIS-41 significantly contributed to the ligand activity. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor absolute binding Gibbs free energies were calculated using the Binding Affinity Tool (BAT.py) to verify its correlation with the activity of ß-nitrostyrene 3CLpro inhibitors as a scoring function. The higher correlation(r2=0.6) indicates that the absolute binding Gibbs free energy based on molecular dynamics can be used to predict the activity of new ß-nitrostyrene 3CLpro inhibitors. These results provide valuable insights for the functional group-based design, structure optimization and the discovery of high accuracy activity prediction means of anti-COVID-19 lead compounds.

Electrochemiluminescence detection of miRNA-21 based on dual signal amplification strategies: Duplex-specific nuclease -mediated target recycle and nicking endonuclease-driven 3D DNA nanomachine.

DNA nanomachines have shown potential application in the construction of various biosensors. Here, an electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the sensitive detection of miRNA-21 were reported based on three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanomachine and duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-mediated target recycle amplification strategy. First, the bipedal DNA walkers were obtained by DSN-mediated digestion reaction initiated by target miRNA-21.3D DNA tracks were prepared by modifying Fe3O4 magnetic beads (MBs) with ferrocene-labeled DNA (Fc-DNA). The produced DNA walkers autonomously moved along 3D DNA tracks powered by nicking endonuclease. During the movement, ferrocene-labeled DNA was cleaved, resulting in large amounts of Fc-labeled DNA fragments away from the MBs surface. Finally, the liberated Fc-labeled DNA fragments were dropped on the C-g-C3N4 modified electrode surface, leading to the quenching of C-g-C3N4 electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Benefiting from the dual amplification strategy of 3D DNA nanomachine and DSN-mediated target recycling, the developed ECL biosensor exhibited an excellent performance for miRNA-21 detection with a wide linear range of 10 fM to 10 nM and a low detection limit of 1.0 fM. This work offers a new thought for the application of DNA walkers in the construction of various biosensors.

Site-Directed Mutation of Salicylate Decarboxylase Gene and Mechanism of Ginkgo Acid Decarboxylation.

Ginkgo seed is an important Chinese medicine and food resource in China, but the toxicity of ginkgo acid in it limits its application. Previous studies have found that salicylic acid decarboxylase (Sdc) has a decarboxylation degradation effect on ginkgo acid. In order to improve the decarboxylation ability of Sdc to Ginkgo acid, 11 residues of the Sdc around the substrate (salicylic acid) were determined as mutation targets according to the analysis of crystal structure of Sdc (PDB ID:6JQX), from Trichosporon moniliiforme WU-0401, and a total of 30 single point mutant enzymes and one compound mutant enzyme were obtained. With Ginkgo acid C15:1 as the substrate, it was found from activity assay that Sdc-Y64T and Sdc-P191A had higher decarboxylation activity, which increased by 105.18% and 116.74% compared with that of wild type Sdc, respectively. The optimal pH for Sdc Y64T and Sdc-P191A to decarboxylate Ginkgo acid C15:1 was 5.5, which is the same as the wild type Sdc. The optimal temperature of Sdc-P191A was 50 °C, which was consistent with that of the wild type Sdc, but the optimal temperature of the mutant Sdc-Y64T was 40 °C, which was 10 °C lower than that of wild type Sdc.

Soil mineralized carbon drives more carbon stock in coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantations compared to pure plantations.

Forest soil carbon (C) sequestration has an important effect on global C dynamics and is regulated by various environmental factors. Mixed and pure plantations are common afforestation choices in north China, but how forest type and environmental factors interact to affect soil C stock remains unclear. We hypothesize that forest type changes soil physicochemical properties and surface biological factors, and further contributes to soil active C components, which together affect soil C sequestration capacity and C dynamic processes. Three 46-year-old 25 m × 25 m pure Pinus tabulaeformis forests (PF) and three 47-year-old 25 m × 25 m mixed coniferous-broadleaf (Pinus tabulaeformis-Quercus liaotungensis) forests (MF) were selected as the two treatments and sampled in August 2016. In 2017, soil temperature (ST) at 10 cm were measured every 30 min for the entire vegetation season. Across 0-50 cm (five soil layers, 10 cm per layer), we also measured C components and environmental factors which may affect soil C sequestration, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil moisture (SM) and soil pH. We then incubated samples for 56 days at 25 °C to monitor the C loss through CO2 release, characterized as cumulative mineralization carbon (CMC) and mineralized carbon (MC). Our results indicate that ST, pH, SM and litter thickness were affected by forest type. Average SOC stock in MF was 20% higher than in PF (MF: 11.29 kg m-2; PF: 13.52 kg m-2). Higher CMC under PF caused more soil C lost, and CMC increased 14.5% in PF (4.67 g kg-1 soil) compared to MF (4.04 g kg-1 soil) plots over the two-month incubation period. SOC stock was significantly positively correlated with SM (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.43), DOC (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.47) and CMC (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.33), and significantly negatively correlated with pH (p < 0.001, R2 = -0.37) and MC (p < 0.001, R2 = -0.32). SOC stock and litter thickness may have contributed to more DOC leaching in MF, which may also provide more C source for microbial decomposition. Conversely, lower SM and pH in MF may inhibit microbial activity, which ultimately makes higher MC and lower CMC under MF and promotes C accumulation. Soil mineralized C drives more C stock in coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantations compared to pure plantations, and CMC and MC should be considered when soil C balance is assessed.

DFT investigation on the carbonate radical formation in the system containing carbon dioxide and hydroxyl free radical.

A density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to explore the reaction mechanisms of CO2-containing systems(CO2,HCO3-,H2CO3) with hydroxyl radical using UM06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ for geometry optimization and UCCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVDZ-F12 for electronic energies, the effect of solvation is considered using the implicit solvent model with two explicit water molecule. The final transformation of hydroxyl radical into carbonate anion radical by reaction with CO2-containing system was studied. The energy barriers, Gibbs free energy, reaction enthalpy changes and reaction rate constants for reaction of CO2-containing systems by hydroxyl radical are calculated. The results show that the reaction of hydroxyl with HCO3- has the lowest energy barrier (5.6 kcal/mol) and maximum reaction rate constant (7.60 × 107dm3mol-1s-1). However, the reaction of hydroxyl radical with CO2 has the highest energy barrier (20.3 kcal/mol) and the minimum reaction rate constant (8.88 × 10-10 dm3mol-1s-1) respectively. The equilibrium constant and rate ratio were calculated by the concentration ratio and free energy of the two conformations of H2CO3 in aqueous solution. The results show that the cc conformation of carbonate has a little higher reaction energy barrier and a higher reaction rate than ct conformation. ∙HCO3 generated by the reaction of CO2 and H2CO3 with hydroxyl radical is further dissociated in aqueous solution to form carbonate radical anion. The calculated free energy of the dissociation process is -2.5 kcal/mol and pKa is -1.9, indicating that HCO3- is a strong acid. Therefore, hydroxyl radicals are spontaneously converted to carbonate radical anions in CO2-containing systems.

Glucose oxidase decorated fluorescent metal-organic frameworks as biomimetic cascade nanozymes for glucose detection through the inner filter effect.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a peroxidase mimic have been integrated with glucose oxidase (GOx) to achieve one-step glucose detection. However, limited by the loading amount of GOx, the performances of the developed glucose sensing assays still remain to be further improved to meet sensing requirements in diverse biological samples. Herein, with Fe3+ as the metal ion and 2-amino-benzenedicarboxylic acid as a ligand, a fluorescent Fe-based organic framework (NH2-MIL-101) with peroxidase-like activity was synthesized. Due to the large specific surface area (791.75 m2 g-1), 68 µg mg-1 GOx could be immobilized through the amidation coupling reaction, and the product was designated GOx@NH2-MIL-101. With OPD as the substrate, Gox@NH2-MIL-101 achieved highly efficient biomimetic cascade catalysis for one-step glucose detection through an inner filter effect: upon reacting with glucose, GOx@NH2-MIL-101 catalytically oxidized glucose using dissolved O2, and the produced H2O2 concurrently oxidized o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to oxidized OPD (oxOPD), accompanied by the fluorescence of GOx@NH2-MIL-101 at 456 nm being quenched and that of oxOPD at 565 nm being enhanced. With the fluorescent ratio F565/F456 used as a readout signal, a wide linear range of 0.1-600 µM was obtained, and the detection limit was 0.0428 µM. Based on the excellent selectivity and high stability of GOx@NH2-MIL-101, the developed assay was successfully applied to glucose detection in human serum and saliva, presenting potential applications in diverse biological samples and even medical diagnosis.

Fe-N/C single-atom nanozyme-based colorimetric sensor array for discriminating multiple biological antioxidants.

Identifying the species and concentrations of antioxidants is really important because antioxidants play important roles in various biological processes and numerous diseases. Compared with an individual sensor detecting a single antioxidant with limited specificity, a sensor array could simultaneously identify various antioxidants, in which 3-5 types of nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity are absolutely necessary. Herein, as a single-atom nanozyme, Fe-N/C with oxidase-mimicking activity was applied to construct a triple-channel colorimetric sensor array: (1) Fe-N/C catalytically oxidized three substrates 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to produce blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB), green oxidized ABTS (oxABTS) and yellow oxidized OPD (oxOPD), respectively; (2) with oxTMB, oxABTS and oxOPD as three sensing channels, a colorimetric sensor array was constructed for simultaneously discriminating glutathione (GSH), l-cysteine (l-Cys), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and melatonin (MT), even quantifying concentrations (with GSH as a model analyst). The performance of the sensor array was validated through accurately identifying 15 blind samples containing GSH, l-Cys, AA, UA and MT in buffer solution and human serum samples, and also in binary and ternary mixtures. This work proved that fabricating a single nanozyme-based sensor array was a simplified and reliable strategy for simultaneously probing multiple antioxidants.

Cobalt-based metal organic frameworks: a highly active oxidase-mimicking nanozyme for fluorescence "turn-on" assays of biothiol.

Co-based metal organic frameworks (ZIF-67), working as an oxidase-mimicking nanozyme, can simultaneously catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and Amplex red, exhibiting a high catalytic activity. For Amplex red, two consecutive redox reactions are reported, which is specifically applied for fluorescence "turn-on" detection of biothiols.

Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles performing as a nanoprobe for selective analysis of 2-aminoanthracene in wastewater samples via metal-enhanced fluorescence.

Due to severely overlapping emission and or/ excitation spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the specifically recognizing PAHs by the fluorescent technique is still a challenge. Here, synthesized Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles with 40 ±â€¯4 nm Ag core and 7 ±â€¯1 nm SiO2 shell performing as a nanoprobe could selectively recognize 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) via metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) within 2 min. The sensing mechanism was based on the facts: (1) there was a perfect spectral overlap between the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of Ag@SiO2 and the absorptive peak of 2-AA, and (2) 2-AA could interact with Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles through hydrogen bonds between -NH2 in 2-AA and -OH in SiO2 shell. As a result, with Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles as a nanoprobe, a fluorescent assay for detecting 2-AA was developed with a linear range from 1 nM to 800 nM, which exhibited an excellent selectivity over possible PAHs, dyes and metal ions. The detection limit was 1 nM. Finally, the developed assay was applied to analyse 2-AA in industrial wastewater samples, which were highly consistent with that of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study presents a feasible assay for detecting 2-AA for environmental monitoring and toxic evaluating.

Time-resolved determination of Fe(II) ions using cysteine-bridged Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots as a phosphorimetric probe.

A time-resolved phosphorescence (TRP) is applied to the highly sensitive determination of Fe(II) ions. The method is based on the use of a phosphorescent probe consisting of cysteine-bridged Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (Mn/ZnS QDs). The presence of cysteine enhances the phosphorescence of the QDs and also increases the efficiency of quenching caused by Fe(II) ions. This results in strongly improved selectivity for Fe(II). The linear response is obtained in the concentration range of 50-1000 nM with a 19 nM detection limit. Phosphorescence is recorded at excitation/emission peaks of 301/602 nm. The interference of short-lived fluorescent and scattering background from the biological fluids is eliminated by using the TRP mode with a delay time of 200 µs. The determination of Fe(II) in human serum samples spiked at a 150 nM level gave a 92.4% recovery when using the TRP mode, but only 52.4% when using steady-state phosphorescence. This demonstrates that this probe along with TRP detection enables highly sensitive and accurate determination of Fe(II) in serum. Graphical abstract Schematic of a novel phosphorescent method for the detection of Fe2+ ions based on cysteine-bridged Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots. The sensitivity of this assay greatly increases due to the addition of cysteine. Interferences by short-lived auto-fluorescence and the scattering light from the biological fluids is eliminated by using time-resolved phosphorescence mode.

Fluorescence sensor array based on amino acids-modulating quantum dots for the discrimination of metal ions.

We developed an easily extensible fluorescence sensor array based on amino acids-modulating QDs for the discrimination of nine metal ions. Two amino acids (Glutamine and Arginine) were assembled with two quantum dots including 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped Mn-ZnS QDs (MPA-QDs) and alpha-thioglycerol capped Mn-ZnS QDs (TG-QDs), achieving six across-reactive sensing elements. Amino acids as the modulators imparted the diversity and differential detection of metal ions, because they could bind QDs and also form complexes with metal ions through their carboxyl, amino, and hydroxyl groups. Therefore, the fluorescence response signals for metal ions could be either enhanced or decreased. This sensing system allowed the accurate classification of nine metal ions in pure water at 0.5 µM and tap water at 3.0 µM. Moreover, two metal ions with different oxidation state Fe3+ and Fe2+, as well as their binary mixtures were well distinguished. Our sensor array was capable of the quantitative analysis of metal ions, showing a linear range from 0.5 µM to 20 µM for Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+. The results demonstrated that the number of sensing elements was easily extensible by using amino acids as QDs regulators. This strategy will provide a new direction to establish the sensitive array sensing systems.

A smartphone readable colorimetric sensing platform for rapid multiple protein detection.

A simple, visible and smartphone readable strategy has been proposed for the sensitive detection and discrimination of multiple proteins. By employing five different concentrations of NaCl salt, AuNP exhibited different aggregation behavior for different proteins because of differential ion strength, leading to diverse color changes. The sensing system could not only discriminate twelve proteins at the concentration of 50 nM in aqueous solution, but it could also discriminate these proteins at 200 nM in the presence of human urine with an accuracy of 100%. More importantly, based on the theory of chromatics, we could directly read out the color value using a smartphone to distinguish twelve proteins, pure Lys and HSA at various concentrations, and the mixture of these two proteins in the presence of human urine with no confusion after a hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The inexpensive and convenient colorimetric sensor array using the ubiquitous smartphone for signal readout has great potential for the point-of-care diagnosis without additional devices.

Acquiring multiple signals along with the reaction time: improving recognition capability of a multidimensional colorimetric sensor array for sensitive protein detection.

The development of sensitive and cheap sensor arrays for identification of proteins plays an important role in many bioanalytical and clinical investigations. Here, we introduce a multidimensional colorimetric sensor array for the detection of multiple proteins based on acquiring multiple signals along with the reaction time to enhance the discrimination ability. In a single experiment, the unique fingerprint for each protein against the sensor array is generated from a response absorbance signal at three reaction time points (at 10 min, 15 min, and 20 min). Our colorimetric sensing system is able to identify ten proteins not only in aqueous solution at 10 nM but also in human urine at the 50 nM level with an accuracy of 100%. Moreover, the identification of HSA in urine at the nanomolar level within a linear range of 0.05-1.0 µM is achieved. Our sensing array system is sufficiently sensitive for the discrimination of pure HSA, binary mixtures of HSA and Lys at a total concentration of 50 nM in urine. This study indicates that the application of the real-time resolved response signals enables the enhancement of the discrimination ability for protein recognition.

Continuously evolving 'chemical tongue' biosensor for detecting proteins.

We developed a unique continuously evolving colorimetric sensor array based on AuNPs decorated by two single-stranded oligonucleotides with different molar ratios for protein discrimination. The number of differential receptors in this sensor array could be easily extended by adjusting the molar ratios of two DNA, resulting in continuously improved discrimination ability. The continuous response data of target samples against our sensing system could be easily obtained and exclude abnormal signals. The sensing system could discriminate twelve proteins at the concentration of 200nM in the presence of 50% human urine with accuracy of 100%, showing feasible potential for diagnostic applications. Remarkably, HSA at various concentrations, the pure Lys and HSA, and the mixture of these two proteins with different molar ratios had been successfully discriminated in LDA plot as well in the presence of human urine sample. This novel strategy will be very promising for the design of cheaper and more reliable sensor arrays for target samples.