Biological treatment of high-pH and high-concentration black liquor of cotton pulp by an immediate aerobic-anaerobic-aerobic process.

In this study, an immediate aerobic-anaerobic-aerobic (O/A/O) biological process was established for the treatment of black liquor of cotton pulp and was tested by both laboratory-scale batch experiment and pilot-scale continuous experiment. The effects of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) were studied, as were the alkaliphilic bacteria number, the culturing temperature and the concentration of black liquor on COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal. The total COD (COD(tot)) removal rate of the novel O/A/O process, for a black liquor with influent COD(tot) over 8,000 mg/L and pH above 12.8, was 68.7+/-4% which is similar with that of the traditional acidic-anaerobic-aerobic process (64.9+/-3%). The first aerobic stage based on alkaliphilic bacteria was the crucial part of the process, which was responsible for decreasing the influent pH from above 12 to an acceptable level for the following treatment unit. The average generation time of the alkaliphilic bacteria in the black liquor was about 36 minutes at 40 degrees C in a batch aerobic activated sludge system. The efficiency of the first aerobic stage was affected greatly by the temperature. The COD(tot) removal at 55 degrees C was much lower in comparison with the COD(tot) removal at 45 degrees C or 50 degrees C. Both the laboratory-scale batch experiments and the pilot-scale continuous experiment showed that the COD(tot) removal rate could reach about 65% for original black liquor with a pH of about 13.0 and a COD of 18,000-22,000 mg/L by the immediate O/A/O process. The first aerobic stage gave an average COD(tot) removal of 45.5% at 35 degrees C (HRT = 72 h) at a volume loading rate of 3.4 kg COD m(-3) d(-1).

Relationships between serum levels of adiponectin and essential hypertension in the people with overweight and obesity / 中国医师杂志

Objective To explore the relationships between serum levels of adiponectin and essential hypertension in the people with overweight and obesity.Methods The body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC),waist-hip ratio(WHR) and blood pressure(BP) were measured among 21578 people from 21 to 60 years old in Shenzhen.According to BMI,the people were divided into the normal-weight group(BMI≤24kg/m~2)(n=14817),the overweight group(2495 cm,respectively(all P0.05).The serum levels of adiponectin were negatively correlated with BMI,WC,WHR and systolic blood pressure in the hypertension obesity cases.Conclusion Adiponectin may be intimately related to obesity and essential hypertension.Keeping the BMI and WC at normal range is one of the effective ways to prevent the risk of essential hypertension.

Changes of bone mineral density, bone metabolism indices and Vitamin D receptor content in patients with hyperthyroidism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spines, femoral neck, Ward′s triangle and greater trochanter was lowered, serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and bone Gla-protein levels were raised, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) contents in lymphocyte was lowered in hyperthyroid patients. Both FT 3 and FT 4 were negatively correlated with BMD, suggesting that hyperthyroidism results in high-turnover type of bone loss which causes the abnormalities of bone metabolic indices and VDR content.