ABSTRACT
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a kind of degenerative osteoarthrosis, which usually involves articular cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus and quadriceps femoris, which is equivalent to the change of "tendon" in traditional Chinese medicine. The occurrence and development of the change of "tendon" can be explained by the theory of "bone-restoration and tendon-softening" in traditional Chinese medicine. If the force line of the lower limb of the knee joint is normal, it can be indicated by "bone-restoration" in traditional Chinese medicine, that is, the blood around the knee joint runs smoothly, and the "tenons" such as meniscus, ligaments, cartilage, etc. are softened by the blood. This condition of the knee joint can be manifested by the balance of the surrounding soft tissue state. If the force line of the lower limb of the knee joint changes, showing a medial offset and misalignment of the knee joint, it can be indicated by "bone is out of alignment" in traditional Chinese medicine, that is, the structure of the soft tissue around the knee joint and its mechanical characteristics have changed. This condition of the knee joint can be manifested by "the tendons lose their flexibility". In this paper, the theories of modern biomechanics and "bone-restoration and tendon-softening" in traditional Chinese medicine were comprehensively analyzed, the characteristics of the "tenons" when knee osteoarthritis occurs were analyzed, and the characteristics of the occurrence and development of knee osteoarthritis from the perspective of Chinese and Western medicine were discussed.
ABSTRACT
ZSM-5 zeolite was in-situ synthesized successfully on the surface of honeycomb cordierite substrate, certified by XRD and SEM techniques. Good thermal and hydrothermal stability of ZSM-5/cordierite could be obtained because of the in-situ synthesis method. Copper ion-exchanged ZSM-5/cordierite was studied as catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. For practical reasons, the catalytic testing experiments were preformed on a real lean burn engine. Unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust were directly used as reductants for NOx reduction. Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite exhibited high catalytic activity, and at 673 K the maximal NOx conversion to N2 could reach 50% at gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of about 25 000 h(-1). Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust could also be purified at the same time. As expected, Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite catalyst exhibited good duration and antipoison properties. When traces of lanthanum were introduced to Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite catalyst as a modifier, the activated temperature of the catalyst could be decreased and the temperature window with high NOx conversions broadened. Cu-ZSM-5/ cordierite and LaCu-ZSM-5/cordierite were thought as promising automobile exhaust catalysts under lean conditions. Copper is the main active component in the Cu-ZSM-5/ cordierite catalyst and Cu(II), which was found in the catalyst during the proceeding of reaction by XPS, is thought to be essential. On the basis of this, deNOx process over Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite is also discussed.
