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1.
Biol Aujourdhui ; 214(3-4): 109-113, 2020.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33357369

ABSTRACT

Infertility, early miscarriages and congenital malformations are major public health issues that are frequent and poorly understood. Until now, what is known about early human development originates from two main sources: studies of human embryos and studies of model animals. Although some molecular mechanisms are conserved, there are specific human features. Thus, it is necessary to study model animals that are close to humans in the phylogenetic classification, which led to the use of pre-established primate cell lineages. Currently, the only human embryos available come from In Vitro Fertilization, which leads to important limitations: these embryos are relatively few and must be destroyed after 14 days. This has led researchers to develop new strategies. Several teams used Embryonic Stem Cells or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and their in vitro auto-organization properties to recreate "embryos" and thereby study their development. These new strategies allow a reduced use of human embryos but new questions arise about the legal status of these new research "models". In the future, it would be important to update the different legislations and recommendations of the International Society for Stem Cell Research as science progresses to avoid any failing drift. The respect of recommendations as well as the maintenance of discussions between specialists and the general public will allow a better understanding of early human development and the establishment of innovative strategies to target health challenges.


TITLE: Le développement embryonnaire pré-gastrulatoire humain : modèles d'avenir et enjeux sociétaux. ABSTRACT: L'infertilité, les fausses couches précoces et les malformations congénitales sont des problèmes majeurs de santé publique fréquents et relativement méconnus. Jusqu'à présent ce que l'on sait du développement précoce humain provient de deux sources principales : l'étude d'embryons humains et l'étude d'animaux modèles. Bien que certains mécanismes moléculaires soient conservés, il existe des spécificités liées à l'espèce humaine. Ainsi, il est important d'étudier les animaux modèles les plus proches possibles dans la classification phylogénétique, ce qui a mené à l'utilisation de lignées cellulaires de primates. De nos jours, les seuls embryons humains disponibles sont ceux issus de la Fécondation In Vitro, ils sont donc peu nombreux et doivent être détruits au bout de 14 jours. Cela a poussé les chercheurs à développer de nouvelles stratégies. Différentes équipes ont donc utilisé les cellules souches embryonnaires ou les cellules souches pluripotentes induites et leurs propriétés d'auto-organisation in vitro pour recréer des « embryons ¼ et ainsi étudier leur développement. Ces nouvelles stratégies permettent de limiter l'utilisation d'embryons humains mais de nouvelles questions se posent désormais sur le statut légal de ces nouveaux « modèles ¼. À l'avenir, il sera important de mettre à jour les différentes législations et recommandations de l'International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) au fur et à mesure des avancées scientifiques pour éviter toute dérive. Un respect des recommandations et le maintien de discussions entre spécialistes et « grand public ¼ permettront une meilleure compréhension du développement précoce humain et la mise en place de stratégies répondant à des enjeux sanitaires.


Subject(s)
Embryonic Stem Cells , Fertilization in Vitro , Gastrulation , Embryo Research , Embryonic Development , Humans , Phylogeny
2.
EMBO J ; 39(20): e104467, 2020 10 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32706158

ABSTRACT

Nucleoporins (Nups) build highly organized nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the nuclear envelope (NE). Several Nups assemble into a sieve-like hydrogel within the central channel of the NPCs. In the cytoplasm, the soluble Nups exist, but how their assembly is restricted to the NE is currently unknown. Here, we show that fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) can interact with several Nups and facilitate their localization to the NE during interphase through a microtubule-dependent mechanism. Downregulation of FXR1 or closely related orthologs FXR2 and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) leads to the accumulation of cytoplasmic Nup condensates. Likewise, models of fragile X syndrome (FXS), characterized by a loss of FMRP, accumulate Nup granules. The Nup granule-containing cells show defects in protein export, nuclear morphology and cell cycle progression. Our results reveal an unexpected role for the FXR protein family in the spatial regulation of nucleoporin condensation.


Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/metabolism , Fragile X Syndrome/metabolism , Microtubules/metabolism , Nuclear Envelope/metabolism , Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Acrylates/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Cytoplasm/drug effects , Cytoplasm/metabolism , Down-Regulation , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Interphase/genetics , Mice , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Microtubules/drug effects , Microtubules/ultrastructure , Myoblasts/drug effects , Myoblasts/metabolism , Nuclear Envelope/drug effects , Nuclear Envelope/ultrastructure , Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering , RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
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