ABSTRACT
Our understanding of how steroid hormones regulate physiological functions has been significantly advanced by structural biology approaches. However, progress has been hampered by misfolding of the ligand binding domains in heterologous expression systems and by conformational flexibility that interferes with crystallization. Here, we show that protein folding problems that are common to steroid hormone receptors are circumvented by mutations that stabilize well-characterized conformations of the receptor. We use this approach to present the structure of an apo steroid receptor that reveals a ligand-accessible channel allowing soaking of preformed crystals. Furthermore, crystallization of different pharmacological classes of compounds allowed us to define the structural basis of NFkappaB-selective signaling through the estrogen receptor, thus revealing a unique conformation of the receptor that allows selective suppression of inflammatory gene expression. The ability to crystallize many receptor-ligand complexes with distinct pharmacophores allows one to define structural features of signaling specificity that would not be apparent in a single structure.
Subject(s)
Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/chemistry , NF-kappa B/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry , Binding Sites , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Mutation , NF-kappa B/drug effects , Protein Conformation , Protein Folding , Protein Structure, Secondary , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Receptors, Estrogen/agonists , Sensitivity and Specificity , Signal Transduction , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The cell wall envelope of Gram-positive pathogens functions as a scaffold for the attachment of virulence factors and as a sieve that prevents diffusion of molecules. Here the isd genes (iron-regulated surface determinant) of Staphylococcus aureus were found to encode factors responsible for hemoglobin binding and passage of heme-iron to the cytoplasm, where it acts as an essential nutrient. Heme-iron passage required two sortases that tether Isd proteins to unique locations within the cell wall. Thus, Isd appears to act as an import apparatus that uses cell wall-anchored proteins to relay heme-iron across the bacterial envelope.
