Incidental damage of obturator nerve during laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer - Demonstration of a successful repairing procedure.

OBJECTIVE: In order to highlight the importance of intraoperative complications and their management, we demonstrate a video of an iatrogenic left obturator nerve lesion during a pelvic lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer staging. The repair was promptly performed using an intracorporeal laparoscopic suture for an end-to-end tension-free nerve anastomosis. DESIGN: Stepwise demonstration of the technique with narrated video footage. SETTING: A 70-year-old woman with a stage IB grade I endometrial adenocarcinoma was submitted to a surgical laparoscopic staging with total hysterectomy(TH), bilateral adnexectomy(BA), and bilateral pelvic and lomboaortic lymphadenectomy. After an uneventful retroperitoneal lomboaortic lymphadenectomy, the left paravesical space was dissected until the obturator fossae and a left pelvic lymphadenectomy followed, during which the left obturator nerve was accidentally transected with LigaSure™. INTERVENTIONS: A careful inspection revealed an almost complete transection (80%) of the nerve, with both proximal and distal cut ends identifiable and no fraying of the edges. The thickness of the non-sectioned nervous portion was less than 3 mm, but a tension-free reattachment of both edges seemed manageable. The edges were oriented towards each other and a single stitch suture was placed using a 5-0 prolene, providing an epineural end-to-end coaptation. To reinforce the suture, a Fibrin sealant Tissucol® was applied. The contralateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was then performed, followed by TH and BA. The pieces were removed through the vagina using an endobag. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day. During the follow-up, there were no signs of diminished adductor function, and neither there was any other detectable residual neuropathy or neurologic deficit involving the left thigh. CONCLUSION: It is crucial to identify intraoperative complications and to develop abilities to manage them. This video proves that it is possible to repair a transected obturator nerve using laparoscopy, when performed by an experienced onco-gynecologist, with extremely good functional results.

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among trauma-exposed adolescents from low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to traumatic events in childhood is associated with the development and maintenance of various psychiatric disorders, but most frequently with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the types of traumatic events experienced and the presence and predictors of PTSD symptoms among adolescents from the general population from ten low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Data were simultaneously collected from 3370 trauma-exposed adolescents (mean age = 15.41 [SD = 1.65] years, range 12-18; 1465 (43.5%) males and 1905 (56.5%) females) in Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Indonesia, Montenegro, Nigeria, the Palestinian Territories, the Philippines, Romania, and Serbia, with Portugal, a high-income country, as a reference point. The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for the DSM-5 (PTSD-RI-5) was used for the assessment of traumatic events and PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: The most frequently reported traumatic events were death of a close person (69.7%), witnessing violence other than domestic (40.5%), being in a natural disaster (34.4%) and witnessing violent death or serious injury of a close person (33.9%). In total, 28.5% adolescents endorsed two to three DSM-5 PTSD criteria symptoms. The rates of adolescents with symptoms from all four DSM-5 criteria for PTSD were 6.2-8.1% in Indonesia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, and 9.2-10.5% in Philippines, Croatia and Brazil. From Portugal, 10.7% adolescents fall into this category, while 13.2% and 15.3% for the Palestinian Territories and Nigeria, respectively. A logistic regression model showed that younger age, experiencing war, being forced to have sex, and greater severity of symptoms (persistent avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity) were significant predictors of fulfilling full PTSD criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly every third adolescent living in LMICs might have some PTSD symptoms after experiencing a traumatic event, while nearly one in ten might have sufficient symptoms for full DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis. The findings can inform the generation of PTSD burden estimates, allocation of health resources, and designing and implementing psychosocial interventions for PTSD in LMICs.

Maternal Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure in Late Childhood.

Intrauterine fetal conditions can have lifelong cardiovascular effects. The impact of maternal diabetes mellitus on children's cardiovascular profile is not well established. The goal of this study was to explore the association between maternal diabetes mellitus and offspring's blood pressure (BP) ≤10 years of age. Generation XXI is a prospective birth cohort, which enrolled 8301 mother-offspring pairs, including 586 (7.1%) children of diabetic mothers. The associations between maternal diabetes mellitus and BP at 4, 7, and 10 years of age was modeled using linear regression. A mixed-effects model was built to assess differences in BP variation over time. Path analysis was used to quantify effects of potential mediators. Maternal diabetes mellitus was associated with higher BP in offspring at the age of 10 (systolic: ß, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.36-2.59; and diastolic: ß, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.05-1.71). This association was independent of maternal perinatal characteristics, and it was mediated by child's body mass index and, to a lesser extent, by gestational age, type of birth, and birth weight (indirect effect proportion, 73%). No significant differences in BP were found at 4 and 7 years of age. Longitudinal analysis showed an accelerated systolic BP increase on maternal diabetes mellitus group (ß, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.03-2.28). These finding were especially relevant in males, suggesting sex differences in the mechanisms of BP prenatal programing. Our results provide further evidence that maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with high BP late in childhood, demonstrating a significant role of child's body mass in the pathway of this association.

Myocarditis in Paediatric Patients: Unveiling the Progression to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure.

Myocarditis is a challenging and potentially life-threatening disease associated with high morbidity in some paediatric patients, due to its ability to present as an acute and fulminant disease and to ultimately progress to dilated cardiomyopathy. It has been described as an inflammatory disease of the myocardium caused by diverse aetiologies. Viral infection is the most frequent cause of myocarditis in developed countries, but bacterial and protozoal infections or drug hypersensitivity may also be causative agents. The prompt diagnosis in paediatric patients is difficult, as the spectrum of clinical manifestation can range from no myocardial dysfunction to sudden cardiac death. Recent studies on myocarditis pathogenesis have revealed a triphasic nature of this disease, which influences the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to adopt in each patient. Endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis, and several non-invasive diagnostic tools can be used to support the diagnosis. Intravenous immunoglobulin has become part of routine practice in the treatment of myocarditis in paediatric patients at many centres, but its true effect on the cardiac function has been the target of many studies. The aim of this review is to approach the recently discovered facets of paediatric myocarditis regarding its progression to dilated cardiomyopathy.

Prevalence and staging of chronic kidney disease in renal transplant recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important for management and prevention of renal disease progression. It is unclear whether K/DOQI guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation are applicable to diagnosis of CKD in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and which method is most appropriate for estimating glomerular filtration. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and staging of CKD in RTRs, according to K/DOQI guidelines, and the prevalence of complications of CKD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included RTRs at least six months post-transplantation followed at a single out-patient service. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated with two different equations: the MDRD equation (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) with four variables (age, creatinine level, gender, and race) and the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula. Patients with GFR more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were diagnosed with CKD only in the presence of renal damage (hematuria, proteinuria, or evidence of injury in renal biopsy). CKD staging was compared to the two equations and the prevalence of complications was determined. RESULTS: The study evaluated 241 RTRs (average age: 40.6 +/- 12.5 yr, 62.2% male; 4.5% black, 50.6% from cadaveric donors). Average follow-up time was 6.8 +/- 6.1 yr and the average baseline creatinine level was 1.48 +/- 0.72 mg/dL. CKD was diagnosed in 70.5% of RTRs, of whom 52.9% (MDRD)/47.6% (CG) were classified as Stage III (GFR: 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2). The agreement between the two methods was very close with regard to CKD diagnosis (kappa = 0.92) and close for stage-dependent prevalence (kappa = 0.68). The prevalence of anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (HF), hyperuricemia (HU), and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was 10.6%, 7.6%, 10.3%, 54%, and 73.4% for patients with CKD. Significant differences were observed for HU, HF and SAH in patients without CKD. Anemia, HU and SAH were associated with CKD stage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD in the study population was high (70.5%). The two equations tested correlated closely when used for GFR estimation. Routine CKD staging in RTRs would provide patients with safer and more appropriate management.

Prevalência de sintomas de estresse nos estudantes de medicina / Prevalence of stress symptoms among medical students

Objetivo: Identificar o perfil sociodemográfico dos acadêmicos de Medicina e avaliar a prevalência de sintomas de estresse nesses estudantes. Métodos: A população estudada respondeu ao Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL), para identificação de sintomas de estresse e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Resultados: Duzentos estudantes de Medicina, matriculados nos Ciclos Básico ou Clínico da Universidade Federaldo Ceará (UFC), foram estudados. Houve predominância do sexo masculino (54,5%), solteiros (100%), naturais de Fortaleza (87%), com idade média de 21 (± 2,3) anos. As alunas apresentaram níveis de sintomas de estresse maiores do que os estudantes homens, representando 30,1% e 19,6%, respectivamente (p ≤ 0,001). A prevalência de sintomas de estressefoi de 49,7%, sendo o quarto semestre o período com níveis mais altos desses sintomas (p = 0,002). Conclusões: Conclui-se que estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) têm níveis de estresse similares àqueles relatados para amostras internacionais.

Objective: To study the social-demographic profile of Medical students and assess the prevalence of stress symptoms in these students. Methods: The Inventory of Symptoms of Stress forAdults of Lipp (ISSL) was used to evaluate the symptoms of stress and a questionnaire was applied to identify the participants' social-demographic characteristics. Results: Two hundred Medical students registered at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), taking Basic and Clinical courses, wereinterviewed. Participants were predominantly male (54.5%), single (100%), born in Fortaleza (87%), mean age 21 years (SD = 2.3). Female students showed higher levels of stress' symptoms than male students, 30.1% and 19.6% respectively, (p ≤ 0.001). The prevalence of symptoms of stresswas 49.7% and students attending the fourth semester showed the highest levels of symptoms (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The conclusion is that Medical students at UFC have levels of stress similar to those reported in international studies.

Conselhos Municipais de Saúde na Bahia: avaliaçäo dos resultados da capacitaçäo de conselheiros de saúde / Municipal Council of Health in Bahia State

A Secretaria do Estado da Bahia promoveu, em 1995-1996, um processo de capacitçäo de conselheiros municipais de saúde (CMS), envolvendo cerca de 438 conselheiros, de um total aproximado de 1800, em 181 municípios do Estado que haviam ingressado no processo de municipalizaçäo dos serviços de saúde. Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da capacitaçäo, foi realizada uma pesquisa, que implicou na caracterizaçäo dos CMS, bem como na análise de sua prática, através da revisäo documental e da aplicaçäo de questionários específicos. Os resultados apontam o impacto positivo da capacitaçäo, especialmente no que diz respeito à "conscientizaçäo" do papel do Conselho na gestão dos sistemas municipais de saúde. Foram identificados problemas de ordem política e administrativa que interferem no funcionamento dos CMS. Considerando a expansäo da municipalizaçäo dos serviços de saúde no momento atual, recomenda-se a continuidade do processo de capacitaçäo.

De elemento a cidadão: transformações no cotidiano do trabalho do policial militar

A Polícia Militar do Espírito Santo vem passando por transformações dentre as quais se encontram a criação da Polícia Interativa e a inserção de Programas de Qualidade Total na prestação de serviços à comunidade. Essas mudanças produzem efeitos na vida do trabalhador da Polícia Militar e precisam ser vistas em conjunto com a atual situação sócio-econômica e política do país e do Estado. Na tentativa de apreender os efeitos dessas transformações na saúde do policial, realizamos um trabalho de pesquisa/intervenção junto a trabalhadores de uma determinada Companhia do 1 ° Batalhão da Polícia Militar do Espírito Santo. A partir dos dados obtidos pudemos observar que o trabalho policial caracteriza-se pela extensão da atividade profissional a todos os âmbitos da vida do trabalhador, atravessando-a não apenas com uma determinada identificação institucional, mas também com os conflitos e contradições que demarcam a função desses trabalhadores, ocasionando um grande sofrimento mental. Sofrimento mental que é agravado pela ausência de espaços para sua análise coletiva na instituição militar(AU)