ABSTRACT
La tos ocurre por la compleja acción del arco de la tos. En condiciones normales es esencial para proteger la vía aérea. Es un síntoma muy frecuente, con un gran número de etiologías posibles. El enfrentamiento diagnóstico de los pacientes con tos crónica, puede resultar un desafío diagnóstico. Deben considerarse las patologías más prevalentes, que incluyen el reflujo faringolaríngeo y la descarga posterior: ambas condiciones que son parte del área otorrinolaringológica. En el presente artículo de revisión se pretende entregar un enfoque actualizado de su enfrentamiento y manejo, con la finalidad de aportar información que resulte relevante para la práctica clínica diaria.
Cough occurs due to the complex action of the coughing arch. Under normal conditions it is essential to protect the airway. It is a very frequent symptom with a large of possible etiologies. The diagnosis process of patients with chronic cough can be a challenge. The most prevalent pathologies must be considered. Thus includes pharyngolaryngeal reflux and posterior discharge: both conditions that are part of the otorhinolaryngolocical area. In the present article review, we pretend to provide an updated approach and management to this condition, in order to asses relevant information to daily clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cough/diagnosis , Cough/etiology , Otolaryngology , Chronic Disease , Cough/physiopathology , Cough/therapy , Laryngopharyngeal Reflux/complicationsABSTRACT
The giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is exposed to highly variable irradiance and temperature regimes across its geographic and vertical depth gradients. The objective of this study was to extend our understanding of algal acclimation strategies on different temporal scales to those varying abiotic conditions at various water depths. Different acclimation strategies to various water depths (0.2 and 4 m) between different sampling times (Jan/Feb and Aug/Sept 2012; long-term acclimation) and more rapid adjustments to different depths (0.2, 2 and 4 m; short-term acclimation) during 14 d of transplantation were found. Adjustments of variable Chl a fluorescence, pigment composition (Chl c, fucoxanthin), and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments were responsible for the development of different physiological states with respect to various solar radiation and temperature climates. Interestingly, the results indicated that phlorotannins are important during long-term acclimation while antioxidants have a crucial role during short-term acclimation. Furthermore, the results suggested that modifications in total lipids and fatty acid compositions apparently also might play a role in depth acclimation. In Aug/Sept (austral winter), M. pyrifera responded to the transplantation from 4 m to 0.2 m depth with a rise in the degree of saturation and a switch from shorter- to longer-chain fatty acids. These changes seem to be essential for the readjustment of thylakoid membranes and might, thus, facilitate efficient photosynthesis under changing irradiances and temperatures. Further experiments are needed to disentangle the relative contribution of solar radiation, temperature and also other abiotic parameters in the observed physiological changes.
Subject(s)
Acclimatization , Kelp/physiology , Macrocystis/physiology , Acclimatization/radiation effects , Antioxidants/metabolism , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Chlorophyll A , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fluorescence , Kelp/radiation effects , Light , Macrocystis/radiation effects , Photosynthesis/radiation effects , Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism , Principal Component Analysis , Solubility , Tannins/metabolism , Time Factors , Xanthophylls/metabolismABSTRACT
La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño es una emergencia médica con riesgo vital. La población afectada es predominantemente infantil, con mayor mortalidad en el grupo de menores de dos años. Cuando está el antecedente de aspiración en la historia, el diagnóstico no crea mayores dificultades. Pero cuando no está presente y los síntomas no son tan acentuados la sospecha clínica es baja. La evolución crónica de un cuerpo extraño en vía aérea puede llevar al diagnóstico equivocado de asma, neumonías a repetición u otras complicaciones. La medicina más importante en el manejo está dado en la prevención. Los objetivos de este artículo son profundizar más en esta patología y fomentar su pesquisa precoz para disminuir su impacto en la morbimortalidad infantil.
