ABSTRACT
Beyond fifth generation (5G) communication systems aim towards data rates in the tera bits per second range, with improved and flexible coverage options, introducing many new technological challenges in the fields of network architecture, signal pro- cessing, and radio frequency front-ends. One option is to move towards cell-free, or distributed massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) network architectures and highly integrated front-end solutions. This paper presents an outlook on be- yond 5G distributed massive MIMO communication systems, the signal processing, characterisation and simulation challenges, and an overview of the state of the art in millimetre wave antennas and electronics.
ABSTRACT
The thiol and oxidized forms of cysteine, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine in plasma were determined by ion-pair liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization. The thiol forms were measured after direct injection of deproteinized plasma. The oxidized forms, present either as a dimer or oxidized with other small thiols, were assayed in deproteinized plasma after reduction with dithiothreitol. The total amounts, including the fraction bound to plasma proteins via disulphide bonds, were determined after reductive cleavage in plasma with dithiothreitol. The compounds were separated by ion-pair liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column (C18) and were detected by fluorimetry after post-column derivatization. The endogenous plasma levels of all forms of cysteine, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine, except for the thiol form of N-acetylcysteine, were above the quantification limits. The quantification limit of N-acetylcysteine as a thiol, was 0.15 microM. The precision was better than 12% for the endogenous concentrations.
Subject(s)
Acetylcysteine/analysis , Cysteine/blood , Glutathione/blood , Half-Life , Humans , Indicators and ReagentsABSTRACT
The dependence of the fracture behavior of photocured dimethacrylate-based composite resins on the matrix crosslink density (varied by postcuring at various temperatures) was investigated. In general, the fracture toughness (KIc) was increased by postcuring as has been observed for epoxy-amine networks. The flexural and diametral tensile strength was also raised by postcuring. Calculation of the inherent flaw size (ao) from these properties produced conflicting dependencies on the state of cure. It is suggested that improved wear resistance and incisal edge strength of dental composite resin restoratives may be achieved by increased degree of cure.
