ABSTRACT
Here, we report the case of a woman in her 40s who came with pyogenic meningitis and infarcts in the brain. While on treatment with antibiotics, she developed new-onset weakness involving bilateral lower limbs and one upper limb 2 weeks into the course of illness. MRI of the spine showed an infarct in the spinal cord. Spinal cord infarction as a complication of pyogenic meningitis is not well recognised unlike tuberculosis meningitis. Unlike ischaemic strokes where thrombolysis is done, for stroke related to infections, there are no definite strategies. Our patient was treated with physiotherapy, continued on antibiotics and slowly recovered over months and at 18-month follow-up, she was walking with a walker. The exact mechanism of thrombosis is not known but may be due to inflammation of the arterial wall and activation of the procoagulant cascade by infection-triggered inflammation. Spinal cord infarction can occur at any phase of the infection and may occur despite appropriate response to antibiotic treatments.
Subject(s)
Ischemic Attack, Transient , Meningitis, Bacterial , Meningoencephalitis , Spinal Cord Ischemia , Female , Humans , Spinal Cord Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord Ischemia/etiology , Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging , Meningitis, Bacterial/complications , Infarction/etiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Inflammation/complications , Ischemic Attack, Transient/complications , Meningoencephalitis/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Essential oils (EOs) with pro-convulsant properties are known to cause seizures and may worsen migraine. Here we report five cases of cluster headache (CH) secondary to the usage of toothpastes containing pro-convulsant EOs. METHODS: Patients were identified from the headache clinics of three tertiary care hospitals in south India. Detailed history, examination, and brain magnetic resonance imaging were done in all patients. CH was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. RESULTS: We had five cases of EO-related CH (EORCH), from February 2020 to August 2021; three females and two males, with age ranging from 19 to 54 years. Three had new onset CH, while two had previous cluster attacks which had become refractory to medications for the past 1 year. The toothpastes contained EOs of camphor, eucalyptus, sage, thujone, clove, and fennel in various combinations. These toothpastes were used for a period of at least 3 months in those with new onset CH and for 12 months or more by those with chronic CH. After stopping the usage of these toothpastes, the CH attacks resolved completely within 5-10 days in all patients. In one patient we re-challenged with the same toothpaste and got the CH attack after a period of 2 months. None of the patients had recurrence of CH attacks at follow-up, ranging from 1 to 2 years. CONCLUSION: EOs with pro-convulsive properties may trigger and sustain CH. Physicians may consider inquiring about the exposure to these pro-convulsant EOs in patients with CH and may consider advising the discontinuation of products like toothpastes containing them as a possible means of CH remission.
Subject(s)
Cluster Headache , Substance-Related Disorders , Adult , Cluster Headache/diagnosis , Convulsants , Female , Headache , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Toothpastes , Young AdultABSTRACT
Essential oils with proconvulsive properties are known to cause seizures and may worsen migraine. Here, we report two cases of cluster headache temporally related to the use of toothpastes containing essential oils of camphor and eucalyptus.