ABSTRACT
Objective. The HIV cascade of care describes the spectrum of engagement in HIV care from diagnosis to viral suppression (VS). The study objective was to develop a baseline HIV cascade of care for new HIV diagnoses in the Bahamas in 2014. Methods. Individuals who were newly diagnosed with HIV in 2014 and known to be alive within a year of that diagnosis were included in the cascade of care (n = 250). Individuals with one CD4 or HIV viral load (VL) measure in 2014 were considered linked to care. Those with at least two CD4 counts in the year were considered retained in care. Eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) was based on having a CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3. ART adherence was defined as filled prescriptions > 11 months/year. VL < 1 000 copies/ml was considered suppressed. Comparisons were made in the cascades by gender and age. Results. Of the 250 persons in the study, 79 of them (32%) were retained in care. Antiretrovirals (ARVs) were prescribed to 116 of the 250 (46%); of those 116, 48 of them (41%) achieved VS. A higher proportion of women achieved VS than did men, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, there were differences in VS based on age, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions. In the Bahamas, increased efforts are needed to help people living with HIV to link to and be retained in care. VS may remain suboptimal unless ART is scaled up and adherence interventions are included in measures to improve the treatment cascade.
Objetivo. El proceso continuo de la atención de la infección por el VIH describe el espectro de intervenciones en la atención de la infección, desde el diagnóstico hasta la supresión viral. El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar un proceso continuo de la atención como punto de referencia y comparación para nuevos diagnósticos de infección por el VIH en las Bahamas en el 2014. Métodos. En el proceso continuo de la atención se incluyó a personas con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH en el 2014 y que continuaban vivas a un año del diagnóstico (n = 250). Se consideró vinculadas a la atención a aquellas personas con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 o una medición de la carga viral de VIH en el 2014. Aquellas con al menos dos recuentos de CD4 en el año se consideraron retenidas en la atención. La aptitud para el tratamiento antirretroviral se basó en tener un recuento de CD4 < 350 células/mm3. Se definió adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral como la entrega de la prescripción >11 meses/año. Se consideró supresión viral a una carga viral de < 1 000 copias/ml. Se hicieron comparaciones en las cascadas por sexo y edad. Resultados. De las 250 personas que participaron en el estudio, 79 (32%) se retuvieron en la atención. Se prescribieron antirretrovirales a 116 de las 250 personas (46%); de estas 116 personas, 48 (41%) lograron la supresión viral. Las mujeres lograron la supresión viral en una proporción mayor que los hombres, pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Igualmente, se observaron diferencias en la supresión viral según la edad, pero estas tampoco fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones. En las Bahamas, es necesario incrementar los esfuerzos para ayudar a las personas con infección por el VIH a vincularse y mantenerse en la atención. La supresión viral puede permanecer en niveles subóptimos a menos que se amplíe el tratamiento antirretroviral y se incluyan intervenciones de adherencia terapéutica en las medidas para mejorar el proceso continuo de la atención.
Subject(s)
HIV , Continuity of Patient Care , Bahamas , Continuity of Patient Care , HIVABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective The HIV cascade of care describes the spectrum of engagement in HIV care from diagnosis to viral suppression (VS). The study objective was to develop a baseline HIV cascade of care for new HIV diagnoses in the Bahamas in 2014. Methods Individuals who were newly diagnosed with HIV in 2014 and known to be alive within a year of that diagnosis were included in the cascade of care (n = 250). Individuals with one CD4 or HIV viral load (VL) measure in 2014 were considered linked to care. Those with at least two CD4 counts in the year were considered retained in care. Eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) was based on having a CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3. ART adherence was defined as filled prescriptions > 11 months/year. VL < 1 000 copies/ml was considered suppressed. Comparisons were made in the cascades by gender and age. Results Of the 250 persons in the study, 79 of them (32%) were retained in care. Antiretrovirals (ARVs) were prescribed to 116 of the 250 (46%); of those 116, 48 of them (41%) achieved VS. A higher proportion of women achieved VS than did men, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, there were differences in VS based on age, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions In the Bahamas, increased efforts are needed to help people living with HIV to link to and be retained in care. VS may remain suboptimal unless ART is scaled up and adherence interventions are included in measures to improve the treatment cascade.
RESUMEN Objetivo El proceso continuo de la atención de la infección por el VIH describe el espectro de intervenciones en la atención de la infección, desde el diagnóstico hasta la supresión viral. El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar un proceso continuo de la atención como punto de referencia y comparación para nuevos diagnósticos de infección por el VIH en las Bahamas en el 2014. Métodos En el proceso continuo de la atención se incluyó a personas con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH en el 2014 y que continuaban vivas a un año del diagnóstico (n = 250). Se consideró vinculadas a la atención a aquellas personas con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 o una medición de la carga viral de VIH en el 2014. Aquellas con al menos dos recuentos de CD4 en el año se consideraron retenidas en la atención. La aptitud para el tratamiento antirretroviral se basó en tener un recuento de CD4 < 350 células/mm3. Se definió adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral como la entrega de la prescripción >11 meses/año. Se consideró supresión viral a una carga viral de < 1 000 copias/ml. Se hicieron comparaciones en las cascadas por sexo y edad. Resultados De las 250 personas que participaron en el estudio, 79 (32%) se retuvieron en la atención. Se prescribieron antirretrovirales a 116 de las 250 personas (46%); de estas 116 personas, 48 (41%) lograron la supresión viral. Las mujeres lograron la supresión viral en una proporción mayor que los hombres, pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Igualmente, se observaron diferencias en la supresión viral según la edad, pero estas tampoco fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones En las Bahamas, es necesario incrementar los esfuerzos para ayudar a las personas con infección por el VIH a vincularse y mantenerse en la atención. La supresión viral puede permanecer en niveles subóptimos a menos que se amplíe el tratamiento antirretroviral y se incluyan intervenciones de adherencia terapéutica en las medidas para mejorar el proceso continuo de la atención.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/diagnosis , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Continuity of Patient Care , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Viral Load , BahamasABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The HIV cascade of care describes the spectrum of engagement in HIV care from diagnosis to viral suppression (VS). The study objective was to develop a baseline HIV cascade of care for new HIV diagnoses in the Bahamas in 2014. METHODS: Individuals who were newly diagnosed with HIV in 2014 and known to be alive within a year of that diagnosis were included in the cascade of care (n = 250). Individuals with one CD4 or HIV viral load (VL) measure in 2014 were considered linked to care. Those with at least two CD4 counts in the year were considered retained in care. Eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) was based on having a CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3. ART adherence was defined as filled prescriptions > 11 months/year. VL < 1 000 copies/ml was considered suppressed. Comparisons were made in the cascades by gender and age. RESULTS: Of the 250 persons in the study, 79 of them (32%) were retained in care. Antiretrovirals (ARVs) were prescribed to 116 of the 250 (46%); of those 116, 48 of them (41%) achieved VS. A higher proportion of women achieved VS than did men, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, there were differences in VS based on age, but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In the Bahamas, increased efforts are needed to help people living with HIV to link to and be retained in care. VS may remain suboptimal unless ART is scaled up and adherence interventions are included in measures to improve the treatment cascade.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Continuity of Patient Care , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Bahamas , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Female , HIV Infections/virology , Humans , Male , Viral LoadABSTRACT
In 2010, the requirement for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of adult refugees prior to US resettlement was removed, thus leading to a potential for missed diagnosis. We reviewed refugee health assessment data and medical charts to evaluate the health status of HIV-infected refugees who arrived in Minnesota during 2000-2007, prior to this 2010 policy change. Among 19,292 resettled adults, 174 were HIV-infected; 169 (97%) were African (median age 26.4 (range: 17-76) years). Charts were abstracted for 157 (124 (79%) with ≥ 1 year of follow-up). At initial presentation, two of 74 (3%) women were pregnant; 27% became pregnant during follow-up. HIV clinical stage varied (59%, asymptomatic; 11%, mild symptoms; 10%, advanced symptoms; 3%, severe symptoms; 17%, unknown); coinfections were common (51 tuberculosis, 13 hepatitis B, 13 parasites, four syphilis). Prior to arrival 4% had received antiretrovirals. Opportunistic infections were diagnosed among 13%; 2% died from AIDS-related causes. Arrival screening may be needed to identify these HIV-infected refugees and prevent HIV-related morbidity and mortality.
