A review on plant-mediated selenium nanoparticles and its applications.

Nanotechnology explores a variety of promising approaches in the field of biomedical sciences. For biogenesis of selenium (Se) nanoparticles different parts of a plant are used as they contain metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, and other phytochemicals which act as reducing agent to produce and stabilize nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is also widely practiced in medicine, agriculture, and many other technologies. This review is focused on green synthesis and its latest developments for the fabrication of Se nanoparticles. This research article also summarizes Se nanoparticles and different plants individually and combined along with their characterizations, using techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, which specified the range, shape, size, and other specifications to easily identify and explore the studies further.

Biological and Clinical Relevance of microRNAs in Mitochondrial Diseases/Dysfunctions.

Mitochondrial dysfunction arises from an inadequate number of mitochondria, an inability to provide necessary substrates to mitochondria, or a dysfunction in their electron transport and a denosine triphosphate synthesis machinery. Occurrences of mitochondrial dysfunction are due to genetic or environmental changes in the mitochondria or in the nuclear DNA that codes mitochondrial components. Currently, drug options are available, yet no treatment exists in sight of this disease and needs a new insight into molecular and signaling pathways for this disease. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, and noncoding RNAs function as a master regulator of gene expression. The evolution of miRNAs in the past two decades emerged as a key regulator of gene expression that controls physiological pathological cellular differentiation processes, and metabolic homeostasis such as development and cancer. It has been known that miRNAs are a potential biomarker in both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. But, in the case of mitochondrial dysfunction in miRNAs, the number of studies and investigations are comparatively less than those on other diseases and dysfunctions. In this review, we have elaborated the roles of miRNAs in the mitochondrial diseases and dysfunctions.