A comprehensive review on the risks assessment and treatment options for Sarcopenia in people with diabetes.

Objectives: This comprehensive review aims to examine the reciprocal interplay between Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia, identify prevailing research gaps, and discuss therapeutic approaches and measures to enhance healthcare practices within hospital settings. Methods: A thorough literature review was conducted to gather relevant studies and articles on the relationship between T2DM and sarcopenia. Various databases were searched, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The search terms included T2DM, sarcopenia, inflammation, insulin resistance, advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, muscle dimensions, muscle strength, muscle performance, aging, nutrition, hormone levels, and physical activity. The collected articles were critically analysed to extract key findings and identify gaps in current research. Results: The prevalence and incidence of metabolic and musculoskeletal disorders, notably T2DM and sarcopenia, have surged in recent years. T2DM is marked by inflammation, insulin resistance, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and oxidative stress, while sarcopenia involves a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and function. The review underscores the age-related correlation between sarcopenia and adverse outcomes like fractures, falls, and mortality. Research gaps regarding optimal nutritional interventions for individuals with T2DM and sarcopenia are identified, emphasizing the necessity for further investigation in this area. Conclusions: The reciprocal interplay between T2DM and sarcopenia holds significant importance. Further research is warranted to address knowledge gaps, particularly in utilizing precise measurement tools during clinical trials. Lifestyle modifications appear beneficial for individuals with T2DM and sarcopenia. Additionally, practical nutritional interventions require investigation to optimize healthcare practices in hospital settings. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01262-w.

Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Activated Protein C (APC) in Mitigating Reperfusion Injury and Cardiac Ischemia: a Promising Avenue for Novel Therapeutic Interventions.

Ischemic heart disease, which results from plaque formation in the coronary arteries, hinders the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart, leading to ischemia. Reperfusion injury remains a significant challenge for researchers, and the mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) are not entirely understood. The review directs future research into potential targets in clinical treatment based on our present understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying MIRI and offers direction for future research in this area. The use of targeted therapies may hold promise in improving cardiac function in the elderly and minimizing the adverse effects of revascularization therapies. The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of activated protein C (APC) in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and discuss the potential of APC-based therapeutics.

Amphotericin-b-induced chronic kidney disease in a post-covid-19 patient with widespread rhinocerebral mucormycosis and pneumonia: A CASE REPORT.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a unique challenge to the medical community due to potential co-infections with bacteria and fungi. We report a case of Rhino cerebral mucormycosis infection in a 67-year-old patient after recovery from COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of Rhino cerebral mucormycosis in a 67-year-old patient with pre-existing health conditions after recovering from COVID-19 and to highlight the importance of early detection and treatment of co-infections in patients with pre-existing health conditions. CASE REPORT: The patient had pre-existing health conditions, including uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which made him more vulnerable to complications after COVID-19. He was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a dark discharge from his left eye, later confirmed to be due to mucormycosis. Histopathological examination revealed invasive mucormycosis, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment. However, the patient experienced Acute kidney injury (AKI) after only 5 days of treatment with conventional amphotericin B, underscoring the need for careful monitoring and adjustment of treatment regimens. DISCUSSION: The case underscores the need for early detection and treatment of co-infections in vulnerable patients. The patient's pre-existing conditions and immunocompromised state made him more susceptible to the infection. The case also highlights the importance of careful monitoring and adjustment of treatment regimens to minimize the risk of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: While COVID-19 has presented challenges and uncertainties, it has also provided valuable insights into the interactions between infectious agents and the human body. Continued research and vigilance are necessary to mitigate the impact of co-infections and improve outcomes for patients.

Role of ß-blockers in Preventing Heart Failure and Major Adverse Cardiac Events Post Myocardial Infarction.

ß-blockers have been widely utilized as a part of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treatment for the past 40 years. Patients receiving ß-adrenergic blockers for an extended period following myocardial infarction have a higher chance of surviving. Although many patients benefited from ß-blockers, many do not, including those with myocardial infarction, left ventricle dysfunction, chronic pulmonary disease, and elderly people. In individuals with the post-acute coronary syndrome and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the appropriate duration of betablocker therapy is still unknown. There is also no time limit for those without angina and those who do not need ß-blockers for arrhythmia or hypertension. Interestingly, ß-blockers have been prescribed for more than four decades. The novel mechanism of action on cellular compartments has been found continually, which opens a new way for their potential application in cardiac failure and other cardiac events like post-myocardial infarction. Here, in this review, we studied ß-blocker usage in these circumstances and the current recommendations for ß-blocker use from clinical practice guidelines.

Influence of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Remodeling, Substrate and Ion Metabolism of Myocardium to Prevent Cardiovascular Risks: Recent Work and Advancement.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of drugs that lower blood glucose levels while decreasing blood pressure, volume loss, and weight loss. SGLT2 inhibitors were studied to determine their effectiveness in treating cardiovascular disease and their side effects. Study outcomes related to cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes were examined in patients on SGLT2 inhibitors by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and SCOPUS. Articles related to clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses were considered. A review of SGLT2 inhibitors' mechanisms of action in preventing cardiovascular (CVS) disease progression was described. We then reviewed the possible effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on CVS dysfunction development, composition, and stability. In the following, we discussed the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on CVD events, such as ischemic strokes and myocardial infarctions, and their role in treating congestive heart failure and cardiovascular mortality.

Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox infection and implications for outbreak strategy.

Monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus-based zoonotic illness that causes symptoms similar to smallpox in humans. Health care workers around the world are making it a priority to educate themselves on the many clinical manifestations and treatment options for this virus as public health agencies strive to stop the current outbreak. The infected do not have access to any treatment at this time. However, information obtained from the smallpox pandemic has led researchers to examine vaccinia immune globulin (IVG), tecovirimat, and cidofovir as viable treatments for monkeypox. Moreover, medication like tecovirimat may be given in extreme circumstances, and supportive therapy can help with symptom relief. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) certified tecovirimat as safe and effective against monkeypox in 2022, per the World Health Organization (WHO). As there are now no established guidelines for alleviating these symptoms, the efficacy of these treatments is highly questionable. Some high-profile cases in recent years have cast doubt on the long-held belief that this illness is rare and always resolves itself without treatment. We aimed to conduct this review to get a deeper comprehension of the evolving epidemiology of monkeypox by analysing such factors as the number of confirmed, probable, and potential cases, the median age at presentation, the mortality rate, and the geographic distribution of the disease. This study offers an updated review of monkeypox and the clinical treatments that are currently available as a result of the worldwide epidemics.