ABSTRACT
We examined relations between the cognitive/personality model of sociotropy (SOC) and autonomy (AUT; Beck, 1983) and the affect/personality model of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA; Tellegen, 1985; Watson & Clark, 1984, 1992), and their relations to two proposed depression subtypes (Beck, 1983) in 60 adult depressed out-patients. SOC and NA scores shared significant common variance while facets of AUT and low PA were moderately related. Autonomous depressive symptoms appeared more depression-specific than sociotropic depressive symptoms. Findings did not confirm the usefulness of sociotropy and autonomy in the prediction of the symptom clusters, possibly due to the measurement of the depressive symptom clusters.
Subject(s)
Affect , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Individuality , Internal-External Control , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Social Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Defense Mechanisms , Depressive Disorder/classification , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Extraversion, Psychological , Female , Humans , Introversion, Psychological , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
This study examined the mediating role of anxiety in the self-reports of somatic complaints in 96 depressed adolescent inpatients. Sixty-four subjects with major depressive episodes and comorbid anxiety disorders (MDE-A) determined from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents--Revised (DICA-R) reported significantly more somatic complaints than 32 adolescents having major depressive episodes without comorbid anxiety (MDE). An analysis of covariance demonstrated that, with anxiety symptoms controlled, MDE and MDE-A groups did not differ significantly in somatic complaints. A hierarchical multiple-regression analysis revealed that, with demographic and anxiety symptoms controlled, depressive symptoms did not contribute to the explanation or prediction of somatic complaints. The results suggest that anxious, but not depressive symptoms, are independently associated with somatic complaints. The results are discussed in light of new affective models of psychopathology.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Self-Assessment , Somatoform Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Anxiety Disorders/complications , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/complications , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychology, Adolescent , Somatoform Disorders/diagnosis , Somatoform Disorders/etiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the influence of gender on the comparability of self and observer ratings of anxiety and depression in adolescents. METHOD: Subjects were 75 inpatient adolescents who were administered structured interviews of the revised Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HRSD-R) and Anxiety (HARS-R) and read the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS: All measures demonstrated adequate internal consistency and validity. The correlation between the BDI and HRSD-R was significantly higher for females than males; of 11 symptoms that overlap on the BDI and HRSD-R, observers significantly agreed with males and females in their perceptions of 5 and 11 depressive symptoms, respectively. The correlation between the BAI and HARS-R did not differ significantly for males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that self-reports of anxiety symptoms are a valid, cost-effective alternative to anxiety observer ratings for boys and girls' self-reports of depression are comparable to depression ratings by observers. There is the need to collect self-report information from adolescent boys because they may not communicate subjective symptoms of depression, e.g., guilt, to observers.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Self-Assessment , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Observer Variation , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychology, Adolescent , Reproducibility of Results , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
In a sample of 159 psychiatric outpatient adults, negative affectivity (NA) was significantly correlated with a broad range of anxiety and depressive symptoms and was not useful for the differentiation of anxiety from depression. Low positive affectivity (PA) was significantly related only to depressive symptoms. Whereas depressive cognitions demonstrated discriminant capability, anxiety cognitions (in isolation) demonstrated nonspecificity. A combination of NA and anxious cognitions significantly predicted anxiety symptoms, better than did cognitions or affect alone. NA, depressive cognitions, and low PA significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Results support the integration of affective and cognitive models for the discrimination of anxious from depressive symptoms and have implications for measure development. Modifications in the cognitive content-specificity theory of anxiety states are discussed.
Subject(s)
Affect , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychological TestsABSTRACT
Data on 22 subjects treated with fluoxetine suggest that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of fluorine-19 can measure brain concentrations of fluoxetine/norfluoxetine in vivo. Fluoxetine accumulates in the human brain relative to plasma, with brain concentrations of fluoxetine/norfluoxetine ranging up to 10.7 micrograms/ml. Brain concentrations may reach a plateau between 6 and 8 months of treatment. The apparent concentration in brain relative to plasma is 20:1, roughly parallel to brain antidepressant concentration ratios in animal studies.
