ABSTRACT
Melibiose-derived AGE (MAGE) is an advanced glycation end-product formed in vitro in anhydrous conditions on proteins and protein-free amino acids during glycation with melibiose. Our previous studies revealed the presence of MAGE antigen in the human body and tissues of several other species, including muscles, fat, extracellular matrix, and blood. MAGE is also antigenic and induces generation of anti-MAGE antibody. The aim of this paper was to identify the proteins modified by MAGE present in human body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and peritoneal fluids. The protein-bound MAGE formed in vivo has been isolated from human blood using affinity chromatography on the resin with an immobilized anti-MAGE monoclonal antibody. Using mass spectrometry and immunochemistry it has been established that MAGE epitope is present on several human blood proteins including serum albumin, IgG, and IgA. In serum of diabetic patients, mainly the albumin and IgG were modified by MAGE, while in healthy subjects IgG and IgA carried this modification, suggesting the novel AGE can impact protein structure, contribute to auto-immunogenicity, and affect function of immunoglobulins. Some proteins in peritoneal fluid from cancer patients modified with MAGE were also observed and it indicates a potential role of MAGE in cancer.
Subject(s)
Body Fluids , Melibiose , Body Fluids/metabolism , Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism , Humans , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin G , Melibiose/metabolism , Serum Albumin/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Immune modulatory factors like indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) generating kynurenine (Kyn) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) contribute to endometrial and cancer microenvironment. Using adequate experimental models is needed to learn about the significance of these molecular factors in endometrial biology. In this paper we study IDO1 activity and RAGE expression in the in vitro cultured primary human endometrial cells derived from cancerous and noncancerous tissue. METHODS: The generated primary cell cultures from cancer and noncancerous endometrial tissues were characterized using immunofluorescence and Western Blot for expression of endometrial and cancer markers. IDO1 activity was studied by Kyn quantification with High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector. RESULTS: The primary cultures of endometrial cells were obtained with 80% success rate and no major genetic aberrations. The cells retained in vitro expression of markers (mucin MUC1 and HER2) or immunomodulatory factors (RAGE and IDO1). Increased Kyn secretion was associated with cancer endometrial cell culture in contrast to the control one. CONCLUSIONS: Primary endometrial cells express immune modulatory factors RAGE and IDO1 in vitro associated with cancer phenotype of endometrium.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology , Endometrium/pathology , Immunomodulation , Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Tumor Microenvironment/immunology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics , Endometrial Neoplasms/immunology , Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism , Endometrium/immunology , Endometrium/metabolism , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics , Kynurenine/metabolism , Middle Aged , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics , Primary Cell Culture , Prognosis , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolismABSTRACT
The kynurenine pathway is the major tryptophan degradation routes generating bioactive compounds important in physiology and diseases. Depending on cell type it is initiated enzymatically by tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 and 2 (IDO1 and IDO2) to yield N-formylkynurenine as the precursor of further metabolites. Herein, we describe an accurate high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method to serve for IDO1 activity determination in human cancer cells cultured in vitro. Enzymatic activity was expressed as the rate of Ê-kynurenine generation by 1 mg of proteins obtained from cancer cells. Our approach shows the limit of detection and limit of quantification at 12.9 and 43.0 nM Kyn, respectively. Applicability of this method was demonstrated in different cells (ovarian and breast cancer)exposed to various conditions and has successfully passed the validation process. This approach presents a useful model to study the role of kynurenine pathway in cancer biology.
