Evaluation of the Nasopharyngeal Cannula Use After Orthognathic Surgery: Permeability of the Nasal Airways and Discomfort of the Patient With Cleft Lip and Palate.

It is believed that the use of the nasopharyngeal cannula can maintain the patent upper airway in the immediate post-operative period of orthognathic surgery. The present study is a randomized clinical trial with the objective of evaluating the difference in the use of the nasopharyngeal cannula in the post-operative period of orthognathic surgery with respect to permeability and discomfort. The sample was composed of 26 individuals with repaired cleft lip and palate randomly distributed in 2 groups with and without nasopharyngeal cannula. The evaluation was composed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), test with Altman mirror in 4 pre-operative periods, 6, 24, 30 hours after the operation. Rhinomanometry was also performed, a flow- pressure technique in 2 distinct moments, 6 and 24 hours after surgery. As a result, greater discomfort, greater obstruction as well as a reduction in the area of bilateral minimum nasal cross-section (ASTM) and increased resistance in the group with nasopharyngeal cannula are observed. In the intra-group comparison with the lowest ASTM values, the test group showed a significant difference between the first and the second moments (P = 0.001). It can be concluded that the nasopharyngeal cannula contributes to increase discomfort, worsens airway permeability by decreasing ASTM and increasing nasal resistance. Regarding the length of stay of the nasopharyngeal cannula, it can be said that from 6 hours onwards it does not contribute to the reduction of discomfort, airway permeability and assist in hemostasis.

Obesidade abdominal e o sistema respiratório / Abdominal obesity and respiratory system

Introdução: A área da pneumologia tem dado importância para a associação da função respiratória com a obesidade. As transformações orgânicas decorrentes da obesidade implicam em alterações dos sistemas respiratório, imunomodulador, metabólico (musculatura esquelética, consumo de oxigênio e produção de gás carbônico) e circulatório. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar sobre o tema obesidade abdominal e sistema respiratório. Métodos: Revisão de literatura usando as bases de dados Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed e Scopus tendo como descritores: circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena; respiratory function tests e abdominal obesity, sem limite para o ano de publicação e idioma. Resultados: A obesidade pode afetar o sistema respiratório independente da condição do parênquima pulmonar. Em indivíduos obesos, o mecanismo de respiração está prejudicado, pois o excesso de adiposidade que reveste o tórax e ocupa o abdome dificulta a ação da musculatura respiratória. A obesidade abdominal não é apenas um fator estético ou metabólico, mas também um fator mecânico que pode comprometer a função da musculatura respiratória e consequentemente a função pulmonar. As alterações na função respiratória mais frequentemente encontradas na obesidade são: redução do volume de reserva expiratório, capacidade vital, capacidade residual funcional e capacidade pulmonar total. Além do impacto mecânico, respiratório e cardiovascular, a obesidade também interfere para o estímulo e controle do sistema nervoso autônomo. Conclusão: A obesidade abdominal está interligada a fatores respiratórios desde o controle central respiratório até limitação dos constituintes respiratórios podendo ocasionar distúrbio respiratório restritivo e obstrutivo.

Introduction: The field of pneumology pointed out the association of respiratory function with obesity. The organic changes due to obesity imply changes in the respiratory, immunomodulatory, metabolic (skeletal musculature, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production) and circulatory systems. The aim of his study was a review about abdominal obesity and respiratory system. Methods: Literature review using the Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed and Scopus databases, and the following descriptors: circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena; respiratory function tests and abdominal obesity, no limit to the year of publication and language. Results: Obesity can affect the respiratory system independent of pulmonary parenchyma condition. In obese individuals, the breathing mechanism is impaired, because the excess of fat that lines the chest and occupy the abdomen makes it difficult for the respiratory musculature to function. Abdominal obesity is not only an aesthetic or metabolic factor, but also a mechanical factor that can compromise respiratory muscle function and consequently lung function. The changes in respiratory function most frequently found in obesity are: reduction of expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. Besides the mechanical, respiratory and cardiovascular impact, obesity also interferes with the stimulation and control of the autonomic nervous system. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity is interrelated to respiratory factors from central respiratory control to limitation of respiratory constituents and can cause restrictive and obstructive respiratory disorder.